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Combating Corruption

in Judicial Systems

Advocacy Toolkit

5ATKcover.indd 1

20.04.2007 10:10:21 Uhr

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

1. What does the Advocacy Toolkit contain? .............................................................................. 03

2. Advocacy Guide
a| Introduction to advocacy ................................................................................................................. 05

b| How to develop an advocacy plan ................................................................................................. 07
c| Examples of advocacy on judicial corruption ........................................................................... 11

d| Ideas for advocacy action ................................................................................................................. 15

3. Judicial Corruption and the GCR 2007

a| Frequently Asked Questions about Judicial Corruption ....................................................... 17

b| Diagnostic Checklist for Assessing Safeguards against Judicial Corruption ............... 23

c| Executive Summary of GCR 2007 .................................................................................................. 33
d| Four Transparency International Policy Positions:

Enhancing Judicial Transparency ............................................................................................. 37

Promoting Fairness in Judicial Appointments ...................................................................... 39
Promoting Decent Judicial Terms and Conditions ............................................................ 41

Judicial Accountability and Discipline ................................................................................... 43

e| Glossary of terms ................................................................................................................................. 45

4. Advocacy resources
a| List of conferences and events ....................................................................................................... 49

b| List of organisations and individuals ........................................................................................... 51
c| PowerPoint presentation on judicial corruption ..................................................................... 59

d| Personal stories of people ﬁ ghting judicial corruption ........................................................ 63

e| Press guidelines

Brief introduction to media relations ...................................................................................... 65
Developing key messages for the media ................................................................................ 65

Sample media advisory .................................................................................................................. 67
Sample press release ....................................................................................................................... 68

f| Feedback Form ....................................................................................................................................... 69

Table of contents

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

1. What does the Advocacy Toolkit contain

and how to use it

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

W H A T D O E S T H E A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T C O N T A I N A N D H O W T O U S E I T

This Advocacy Toolkit has been produced to help TI Chapters (and other civil society groups) undertake effective advo-

cacy to combat judicial corruption in their country. The toolkit is published alongside TI's Global Corruption Report 2007,

which focuses on judicial corruption.

The toolkit is also available on the Chapter Zone, which is TI's password protected extranet website. This site will serve

as a central point to store all materials related to the advocacy work for the GCR 2007. All material can be accessed
here: www.transparency.org/chapterzone/projects/judiciary_advocacy. In the Online Forum under www.transparency.

org/chapterzone/forums you can discuss advocacy-related activities with other Chapters and share your experiences. To
access the Chapter Zone, go to www.transparency.org/chapterzone, and, if you are not already registered, click on the

'register here' tag in the third paragraph.

There are three main sections to the Advocacy Toolkit, as follows:

1. Advocacy Guide
The aim of this section is to provide an introduction to advocacy and help you to create your own strategic advocacy
plan. It also provides examples of advocacy on judicial corruption and some ideas for advocacy actions that may be use-

ful or inspiring. The section contains four documents that introduce advocacy and advocacy plans, and provide speciﬁ cs
on advocacy related to judicial corruption as carried out by TI national chapters.

2. Judicial Corruption and the GCR 2007

The purpose of this section is to provide a solid background for understanding corruption in the judiciary, as well as TI

recommendations for combating judicial corruption, derived from the GCR 2007. It contains nine documents, aimed at

equipping you with the knowledge and tools to examine judicial corruption. It contains materials such as an FAQ on the

GCR and judicial corruption, and TI's policy positions on judicial corruption, amongst others.

3. Advocacy resources
This section provides you with additional resources which can be used to aid your advocacy actions. These include,

amongst others, a list of conferences and events related to judicial corruption; a list of organisations relevant to the ﬁ eld,

arranged by region; and various press and communications guidelines.

The Advocacy Toolkit has been developed by the Judiciary Advocacy Working Group (J-AWG) which has been set
up in the TI-Secretariat to assist the TI movement in its advocacy strategy on combating judicial corruption. The

J-AWG is lead by Victoria Jennett and consists of members from each TI-S department (regional departments, global
programmes, policy and research, communications, external and internal resources). The J-AWG was greatly assisted in

the production and writing of the Advocacy Toolkit by three key consultants: Ian Chandler from 'The Pressure Group' has
guided us on how to develop strategic advocacy; Kyela Leakey has acted as an advisor on the judiciary and was instru-

mental in producing the Diagnostic Checklist included in this toolkit and last, but not least, Jill Ervine has been key to the
smooth production and design of the toolkit.

If you need further clariﬁ cation about the Advocacy Toolkit or advocacy on judicial corruption generally, please contact

your regional coordinator at TI-S.

2. Advocacy Guide

a| Introduction to Advocacy

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

I N T R O D U C T I O N T O A D V O C A C Y

We recognise that some Chapters are very active in advocacy on judicial corruption or other issues, although others have

less experience. We hope that this guide will help to make all of your advocacy actions more focused and effective.

You may be inspired by the examples of advocacy and the ideas for advocacy action given in the toolkit, but we also urge
you to follow through the section, 'How to develop your advocacy plan'. Like an iceberg, most advocacy work is hidden

below the surface – this is the research and planning required. The visible elements – conferences, media coverage, lob-
bying meetings, etc. – account for only a small proportion of the total activity.

Each plan is different since they have to take into account different forms of judicial corruption, different political and

social contexts, and the different resources available to each Chapter. That is why we take you through the process of
planning, rather than tell you what needs to be in your plan. This toolkit is intended to empower, rather than direct,

you.

However, there are some areas where we can give advice. For example, the launch of the Global Corruption Report 2007

provides an opportunity to raise the proﬁ le of the issue of judicial corruption. If you have done your research and devel-

oped your advocacy plan, you can use the publication of the GCR to launch an advocacy campaign in your country. If you
haven't done the research or developed an advocacy plan yet, you can still be involved by using the launch of the GCR as

an opportunity to announce your intentions to assess the integrity of your judicial system and show how it matches up

against international standards. This alone may attract media coverage and reactions from policy makers.

Please share your plans with us and other TI Chapters through the Online Forum in the Chapter Zone www.transparency.

org/chapterzone/forums, and provide feedback on your activities. We can learn a lot from each other's experiences and
build a great bank of advocacy ideas.

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

H O W T O D E V E L O P A N A D V O C A C Y P L A N

Advocacy is a process of inﬂ uencing the attitudes and behaviour of targeted people in order to change the policy and
practice of governments and other institutions. It is an essential part of a healthy society, ensuring that policy making

is informed by the views of civil society.
Achieving real change is not easy. Great forces resist us, whether they are political inertia, vested interests or corruption.

If we are to be effective, we must be focused on what we want to change and fully understand the process by which
that change can take place. We must have authoritative research, use professional inﬂ uencing techniques, be creative in

our communications. Above all, we need a clear and well thought out strategy.
Without a good advocacy strategy, we may still be able to raise the proﬁ le of the issue of judicial corruption, but we are

unlikely to inﬂ uence any lasting change in the situation. Effective advocacy helps us to change government policy and
practice as well as the attitudes and behaviour of individuals and groups in society.

Developing an advocacy strategy involves a number of stages:

1. Organising to deliver, coordinate and monitor your advocacy – your management plan

2. Identifying what you want to change – your aims and objectives

3. Determining how best to inﬂ uence that change – your inﬂ uencing strategy, target audiences and tactics

4. Devising activities to engage different target audiences – your action plan.

5. Monitoring and evaluating your activities, their outcomes and the overall impact.

There is a huge range of actions that one can do to make effective advocacy. It may be undertaking research; organising
conferences and seminars; publishing materials, such as reports, leaﬂ ets and posters; lobbying policy makers; engaging

with the media; and so on. The actions you choose to undertake will depend on your inﬂ uencing strategy, which in turn
is determined by the context in which you are doing the advocacy.
This short guide takes you through the ﬁ ve main stages listed above, providing guidance about the processes you can

undertake and suggestions for actions that may be appropriate. However, every country is different and it is important
that you draw on your own experiences and that of your allies.

1. Organising to deliver and coordinate your advocacy
This is a simple matter of agreeing how decisions will be made; who is responsible for each task; and how you are going

to review your progress and update your plans when necessary.
Each TI Chapter has its own way of working, but it is likely that you will assign someone to be project leader for advocacy

on judicial corruption. That person will probably be the main spokesperson for the advocacy campaign, although for

some audiences it may be more appropriate for the president of the Chapter to ﬁ ll the role.
You may also decide to set up a project team of Chapter members, including some external experts who are sympathetic

to your goals. This team can develop plans, organise activities and monitor progress.

2. Identifying what you want to change
The GCR 2007 sets out a number of causes of judicial corruption and their remedies. This analysis has informed the

production of the

checklist for judicial corruption included in the Advocacy Toolkit. Before undertaking any advocacy,

you need to assess the situation in your country against the checklist. This may require you to undertake research and to

consult with key stakeholders in the judicial system.
Once you have made this assessment, you need to develop recommendations for how to combat judicial corruption.

These recommendations will be speciﬁ c to your country and its political and legal context, and will probably consist of a
list of detailed actions that different actors should take.

2. Advocacy Guide

b| How to develop an advocacy plan

Organise

your-

selves

Identify

aims &

objectives

Devise

inﬂ uence

strategy

objectives

Develop

activity

plan

Monitor

evaluate

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

H O W T O D E V E L O P A N A D V O C A C Y P L A N

Policy

Maker

Target Audience

Advocacy

aims &

objectives

Recommendations

Issues of judicial corruption

These recommendations can be set out in the form of a

policy position – a short summary (no more than four sides of

paper, ideally just one or two) of the problems of judicial corruption in your country; the reason TI is concerned about it;

and your recommendations for remedying the situation. Once the Chapter has approved it, the policy position will form
the basis for all your advocacy work.
To make your advocacy more effective, however, you will probably need to focus on one or two of the most important

recommendations. This will enable you to concentrate your efforts so that your advocacy resources can have most im-
pact. You will also be able to communicate the issue more easily, and so have a better chance of winning the support

and involvement of other stakeholders. Once you have won the argument on these main issues, you will be in a better
position to advocate for other recommendations in the policy position.

You are now in a position to set out the foundations of your advocacy plan – your

aims and objectives:

- The

aim of your advocacy is simple – to reduce the level of judicial corruption in your country.

- The selected recommendations that you focus on in your advocacy are your

advocacy objectives. Ideally they

should be written so that they are

SMART – Speciﬁ c, Measurable, Appropriate, Realistic and Time-bound.

Objectives should specify the outcome you are seeking, not the activity you are proposing. For example,
an advocacy objective could be: 'The government to establish by the end of 2007 an independent judicial

appointments commission in line with international standards.'

3. Determining how to best inﬂ uence change
You will need to develop an

inﬂ uencing strategy. This sets out the approach you will take to persuade policy makers to

adopt the recommendations set out in your

objectives.

You may be in the very fortunate situation where policy makers want to address the issue of judicial corruption and are

just waiting for someone to advise them on how best to do it. If that is the case, your task is easy – just arrange a meeting
with the people responsible and explain your recommendations.
However, that scenario is unlikely: policy makers may have other priorities for their time; may not recognise that there

is a problem; or even have a vested interest in maintaining the existing status quo in the judiciary. In this case, you will
need to identify what 'channels of inﬂ uence' you can use – in other words which

target audiences you need to com-

municate with in order to put pressure on policy makers to take action.

To develop an inﬂ uencing strategy, it is necessary to go through a number of distinct steps:

3.1 Understand the policy-making process
If you are to inﬂ uence a particular policy, it is essential that you understand how that policy is developed and agreed.
A useful exercise is to draw a ﬂ ow chart setting out all the stages in the policy-making process and who is involved at

every stage. Some research may be needed to complete the task.
As part of this exercise, you should identify the 'decision maker' (the person responsible for the policy) and other key

stakeholders who are involved in developing policy and approving the decisions.

3.2 Understand the advocacy environment
You need to be clear about the context in which you are operating in order to help you make strategic choices later in

the planning process.
One useful tool for doing this is the

PESTLE analysis, which stands for Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological,

Legal and Environmental. Simply list all the relevant factors that may affect your advocacy on judicial corruption in each

of these six categories, and undertake further research to ﬁ ll in any gaps in your knowledge.
You may also want to identify any related advocacy campaigns and learn from their experiences.
Identifying forthcoming events (local, national and international) that can provide opportunities for advocacy action

should also be researched and listed.

3.3 Understand your advocacy capacity
What is needed is an honest assessment of the resources available to you to undertake the advocacy and make change

happen. Resources can include your funds, people and their skills, and the reputation of your organisation and its rep-
resentatives.
A suitable tool to use here is a

SWOT analysis – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. List all the relevant

factors under each heading and rank them in order of signiﬁ cance. You will then need to consider how best to utilise
your strengths and counteract your weaknesses. At a later stage you will decide which opportunities to exploit and how

to manage the threats.

3.4 Understand the various stakeholders
To help you determine your strategy and choice of target audiences to inﬂ uence the decision maker, you need to analyse

the positions of the different stakeholders involved.
A simple stakeholder analysis can be done by:

- Brainstorming a list of stakeholders (the people or groups affected by the issue or who can inﬂ uence the out-
come)

- Assessing whether they will be for or against your objectives, or whether they are neutral

- Ranking your allies, opponents and 'neutrals' in order of how much inﬂ uence they have over the decision
maker.

You can engage with some of the top-ranked allies, to persuade them to be more active on the issue and, if appropri-
ate, to form an advocacy alliance with them. Some of the top-ranked neutrals can be targeted to persuade them to

agree with your objectives. Top-ranked opponents need to be monitored so that their arguments can be understood and
countered.

3.5 Making choices
You now need to make some hard choices. It is usually better to focus on a few target audiences so that you can con-
centrate your resources, tailor your approach and follow up your contacts with sustained engagement. In this way, you

have a greater chance of making a breakthrough. A more superﬁ cial and untargeted communication with a wider range
of audiences is likely to have little impact.
Based on your stakeholder analysis, and informed by your understanding of the policy process, advocacy environment

and your advocacy capacity, you can now choose what approach to take and which stakeholders will be your channels
of inﬂ uence (and hence your target audiences).

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

H O W T O D E V E L O P A N A D V O C A C Y P L A N

Stakeholders may include judges, court ofﬁ cials, lawyers, bar associations, prosecutors, police, pro-government politicians, opposition politicians, ministers, journalists,

court users, business leaders, voters, international donors, tourists, criminal gangs, trade unions, faith groups, etc.

3.6 Determining messages and tactics
At this stage, you may also wish to determine some

tactical choices such as what 'tone of voice' you will adopt in your

advocacy (e.g. conciliatory or oppositional, authoritative or outraged, etc.).
You can now deﬁ ne your core message – a short sentence setting out the most important message you want to get

across to your audiences. This will help ensure your communications are focused and coherent across your campaign.

4. Devising activities to engage your target audiences
For each of your selected target audiences you need to develop an action plan setting out what you want them to do;

how you are going to engage with them; what materials you need to produce; and what actions you will organise or
undertake.
Every communication activity or publication should be designed to achieve a speciﬁ c purpose for a speciﬁ c target audi-

ence, and so take you closer to your objectives. The most suitable method of communication will depend on the audience
and the message to be conveyed.

4.1 Policy makers and opinion formers
Policy makers and opinion formers (e.g. academics, politicians, community leaders, etc.) need detailed messages sup-

ported by rational arguments based on good evidence. Communications with this group should be personalised – letters,
phone calls, meetings, etc.

4.2 Public audiences
On the other hand, you should communicate with public audiences using simple messages presented in an interesting

and emotive way. There are advantages in being creative in designing these activities as they give you a greater chance
of being noticed. Apart from using the media, there are many other ways of communicating with the public, including

posters, leaﬂ ets, open meetings, street theatre and other events.

4.3 The media
Media coverage can be gained in a number of ways, depending on the type of media you are targeting. Your aim should

be to achieve more than a small article about the launch of the GCR 2007. You want both high-proﬁ le and in-depth
coverage that relates to the issue of judicial corruption and the condition of the judiciary in your country.

High-proﬁ le coverage can come from organising stunts and other photo-opportunities. Newspapers and TV are more
likely to cover your story if there are visual images they can use. Again the more creative you are, the greater chance you

have of your story being covered.
In-depth coverage in newspaper and magazines can result from encouraging journalists to write articles about judicial
corruption. You can help them by providing all the information and contacts that they will need. You may also be able to

persuade the editor to include an op-ed – an article you have written and which will be published under your name.
In-depth coverage on radio and TV may come from persuading journalists to do investigations, but you can also obtain

good results from live debates, interviews and phone-in shows.
Whatever you are trying to achieve with the media, the best approach is to build direct and personal relationships with
journalists, editors and producers. Not only will they be more responsive to people they know, they will be able to advise

you on the best approach to take. Don't just rely on a press release – get on the phone and talk to your contacts!

5. Conclusion
Whatever activities you undertake, it is important that you monitor the outcomes and adjust your plans accordingly. It
will also be highly useful to the wider TI movement if you share your plans and experiences through the Online Forum

and the TI-S.

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

H O W T O D E V E L O P A N A D V O C A C Y P L A N

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

E X A M P L E S O F A D V O C A C Y O N J U D I C I A L C O R R U P T I O N

Contents
1. TI's Chapter in Ecuador monitored the process of selecting Supreme Court judges

2. TI's Chapter in Argentina monitors judges' asset declarations
3. TI's Chapter in Nicaragua diagnoses corruption in the justice system

4. TI's Chapter in Madagascar is raising public awareness of court procedures
5. TI's Chapter in Ghana: GII's Judiciary Watch
6. Center for Social Development, Cambodia: Court Watch Project

1. TI's Chapter in Ecuador monitored the process of selecting Supreme Court judges
In December 2004 former president Lucio Gutiérrez and Congress illegally dismissed all 31 members of the Supreme

Court, alleging that they were biased against him. At the same time Congress resolved to restructure the national judicial
council and re-establish its powers to impeach members of the Supreme Court and the judicial council – powers that

had been adopted after a process of population consultation in 1997. This attempt to manipulate the judiciary along
political lines met widespread protests from civil society groups and their intensity heightened in March 2005 after the

court dismissed corruption charges against another former president, Abdalá Bucarám.
Selection hearings to appoint a new Supreme Court started on 28 June 2005 in a process characterised by its transpar-

ency. Corporación Latinoamericana para el Desarrollo (CLD-TI), TI's Chapter in Ecuador, was one of a group of civil society
NGOs that monitored the process to ensure that only judges who were free from undue inﬂ uence from the political

and private sectors would be considered for appointment. CLD formed part of the Coordinating Committee of Citizen
Monitoring of the Justice Network (the 'Citizens' Committee') from June to November 2005 when the Court was ﬁ nally

re-instated.
The Citizens' Committee initially monitored the electoral colleges (deans of law faculties, human rights bodies, higher
and district courts, and representatives of the bar) as they nominated their representatives to the ofﬁ cial qualiﬁ cation

committee that oversees the judges' selection. The Committee had frequent meetings with the qualiﬁ cation committee
and persuaded it not to apply an existing regulation that prevents lawyers from being selected if they had previously

litigated against the state, or defended people accused of drugs trafﬁ cking. In addition, the Committee persuaded the
qualiﬁ cation committee to guarantee women's participation as judges in the new Supreme Court.

The Citizens' Committee veriﬁ ed the documents presented by each candidate and compared the results with auditors'
ﬁ ndings. This allowed the selection committee to distinguish between minor procedural errors (illegible photocopies of

certain documents submitted by candidates) and serious concerns affecting the merits of the candidate. In some cases
auditors had overestimated the number of years of litigation experience a candidate had by failing to consider the period

of time they had spent in public ofﬁ ce.
The results of the qualiﬁ cation process were publicised in the national press and CLD also videoed the hearings.

2. TI's Chapter in Argentina monitors judges' asset declarations
Under the 1999 Ethics Law, all public ofﬁ cials, including judges, must present sworn declarations listing their assets

within 30 days of taking up their positions. These declarations must be renewed each year, and then 30 days after leaving
ofﬁ ce. The same law gives any citizen the right to obtain copies of the declarations. On 9 February 2000, the Supreme

Court rejected the powers granted to the National Public Ethics Commission to request privileged information and es-
tablished that the Supreme Court would respond to requests for information about judges' asset declarations instead.

In practice, the procedures established by the Court were so cumbersome that it was made virtually impossible for any
member of the public to examine judges' asset declarations. Under the new regulations, a written application had to be

submitted for each asset declaration and the relevant judge or judicial ofﬁ cial was empowered to veto the request. Even
if it were granted by the individual judge and the Supreme Court, a day and time would be given to view the ﬁ le, and

the judge was invited to attend.
TI's Argentina Chapter, Poder Ciudadano, asked the Judicial Council to request copies of judges' asset declarations in

May 2000, but the Council said its powers to do so had been circumscribed by the Supreme Court. In March 2004 Poder

2. Advocacy Guide

c| Examples of advocacy on Judicial Corruption

Ciudadano joined other civil society organisations in calling on the Court to make the asset declarations public. Judges

Claudio Kiper and Victoria Pérez Tognola opposed the request. From June to August 2004 civil society NGOs again re-
quested access to the declarations via a public campaign and direct lobbying of the Judicial Council.

To demonstrate how difﬁ cult it was for citizens to access the sworn statements that should have been made public under
the law, Poder Ciudadano submitted requests in July 2006 to view the declarations of 89 members of the judiciary. Only

25 gave permission for their details to be publicised. The others refused or failed to respond.
In September of that year, Poder Ciudadano appealed to the Judicial Council on the grounds that freedom of informa-

tion, as enshrined in the 1994 constitution, was being violated. Poder Ciudadano published on its website the names of
judges who had allowed the public to view their asset declarations.

3. TI's Chapter in Nicaragua diagnoses corruption in the justice system
Grupo Cívico Etica y Transparencia, TI's Nicaragua Chapter, undertook detailed research on the justice system from 2004

to mid-2006. The NGO looked at 250 indicators (155 objective and 95 subjective) and applied them to each of the key
institutions that make up the justice system: the courts, the prosecution, the attorney general's ofﬁ ce, the police and

law schools. A second phase of the project will focus on corruption, drawing a risk-map on the basis of the results of the
ﬁ rst-phase study.

Indicators were grouped along four lines of analysis:

• Access (number of cases initiated and resolved, existence of specialised courts and prosecutors, number

and location of courts, etc.)
• Independence (both internal, i.e. of lower courts from higher courts; and external, i.e. of the judiciary from
the political branches of government, for example in the appointment of judges and court ofﬁ cials, career

progression, etc.)
• Efﬁ ciency (modernisation of courts, volume and speed of cases through the justice system, training, etc.)
• Accountability (for administrative functions, including budget).

The breadth of the study meant it was possible to draw regional-level conclusions as well. For example, there is a wide
discrepancy in terms of access to the justice system between Managua, the capital, and the Autonomous Region of the

North Atlantic (RAAN) where 43.7 per cent of the population suffers extreme poverty. In Managua, 50 judges oversee
40,000 cases while in the RAAN 15 oversee just 3,000 cases. However, the budget per case is nearly double in Managua,

compared with the RAAN. Moreover, there are a higher proportion of civil cases in the wealthier areas of the country.
The study found that less than 2 per cent of criminal cases were white-collar crimes, and that there were no former

public ofﬁ cials in prison apart from ex-president Arnoldo Alemán. The requirement that 4 per cent of the national
budget should be allocated to the judiciary is being met. The police and Supreme Court have the largest budgets of the

institutions that make up the justice system (37.7 per cent and 37.5 per cent in 2005, respectively). The low budgets of
the public prosecution and the national audit ofﬁ ce, the report's authors conclude, contribute to the low number of

prosecutions for corruption.

4. TI's Chapter in Madagascar is raising public awareness of court procedures
Transparency International Initiative Madagascar (TI-IM) and the Association des Magistrats du Tribunal d'Antananarivo

(AMTA) launched a joint action programme against corruption on 1 October 2003. Its main objectives are to promote
transparency in the Ministry of Justice and reduce petty corruption by informing users about court procedures. It is

hoped that this will go some way towards restoring public trust in the court system, and creating an honest and sound
environment in the judiciary. To achieve these goals, TI-IM and AMTA collaborated to produce and distribute Malagasy

and French-language brochures that describe different court procedures, deﬁ ne the jargon of the judiciary and legal
profession, and list the different stages of a judicial ﬁ le. An information desk was set up to guide users through the

procedures. The entire programme is ﬁ nanced by USAID-Madagascar.

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

E X A M P L E S O F A D V O C A C Y O N J U D I C I A L C O R R U P T I O N

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

E X A M P L E S O F A D V O C A C Y O N J U D I C I A L C O R R U P T I O N

5. Ghana: GII's Judiciary Watch Project
The Ghana Integrity Initiative (GII), TI's Chapter in Ghana, with funding from the German Development Cooperation, has

undertaken a systematic observation of the judicial system through its Judiciary Watch Project (JWP). The pilot project
was jointly developed with Transparency in Nigeria and TI-Cameroon. Ghana is the ﬁ rst of these countries to implement

a JWP and has agreed to draft a Judiciary Watch Manual for use by other TI Chapters in Africa.

GII has a particularly enabling environment for a JWP because, since 2003, Ghana has had a Chief Justice who demon-
strated a clear commitment to purging the judiciary of inefﬁ ciency and corruption through systemic, preventive action

in the courts and judicial service. The anti-corruption measures that have been introduced since October 2003 include

the creation of a Complaints and Courts Inspectorate Division of the judiciary, the introduction of a judicial code of eth-
ics, the simpliﬁ cation of judicial procedures and enhanced interaction with the public.

The JWP focuses on the High and Circuit Courts. It was initially designed to examine corruption in land and commercial
cases because it was thought that the problem could be more easily measured in cases with an economic dimension,

than in a criminal case or a divorce hearing. However, since there is only one Commercial Court in Ghana and no exclu-
sive land court, it was later suggested that such a focus would limit the availability of data on most of the indicators

being used by the JWP. As a result, student trainees (see below) were advised to cast their nets as wide as possible when
gathering data on cases being heard in the courts, including criminal ones. The overall goals of the JWP are to promote

transparency in the judiciary; empower citizens to demand that court ofﬁ cials carry out their duties impartially; and to
contribute to a reduction of corruption in the judiciary.

Main Activities
The main activities of the JWP have been, ﬁ rstly, the setting up of a legal experts' roundtable attended by lawyers, judges,

court employees (preferably registrars) and selected members of the public (litigants or former litigants) to discuss how
best to observe court corruption in practice, and to establish the potential indicators of corrupt behaviour. With the help

of expert consultants, a Judiciary Watch manual has been developed to assist civil societies in monitoring the courts
at local level. Once this has been tested it will be revised based on ﬁ eld use. A group of law students from Ghana Law

School in Accra and the Faculty of Law of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi were
trained to conduct monitoring activities in selected areas in Accra, Tema and Kumasi. Their tasks included observation of

courtroom activities, a baseline survey (interviews with particular actors, such as litigants and their lawyers), and focus
group discussions.
To deepen public awareness of judicial corruption and its impact on development, a number of publications have been

produced and disseminated. The most regular is the quarterly, Judiciary Briefs. GII also disseminates information about
the JWP and its goals via the Chapter newsletter, GII's website, radio and TV talk shows, and other print and electronic

media.
A Judiciary Watch media campaign has been put in place to raise the proﬁ le of the issue. The ﬁ rst year focused on raising
awareness by publicising the baseline survey reports. The second-year campaign, in 2007–08, will focus more on advo-

cacy for reform as a result of the project ﬁ ndings.

6. Center for Social Development, Cambodia: Court Watch Project
The Court Watch Project (CWP) of the Center for Social Development is mandated to monitor civil and criminal pro-

ceedings in the courts of Cambodia. Since October 2003, it has monitored thousands of cases. In 2006 the CWP mainly
monitored four courts: the Municipal Court of Phnom Penh, the Provincial Court in Kandal, the Appeal Court and the

Supreme Court. Since October 2006, however, the CWP has also monitored the Provincial Courts in Battambang and
Kampong. By acting as an independent watchdog, the CWP helps to ensure fair trials and reduce opportunities for cor-

ruption. Court monitors can assess whether due-process rights, such as the right to defence and the presumption of
innocence, are being respected.
In the three months from June to September 2006, CWP monitors observed 799 hearings: 423 at the ﬁ rst-instance

courts in Phnom Penh and Kandal, 326 at the Appeals Court, and 50 at the Supreme Court. Of the 799 hearings, 597 were
criminal cases (260 felonies, 256 misdemeanours and 81 special offences) and the remainder were civil cases.

The aims of the CWP are threefold: to ensure fair trials by acting an as independent watchdog; to build capacity within
the legal system by feeding information into the judicial reform process; and the dissemination of information to civil

society and the public, via quarterly Court Watch Bulletins and an annual report.

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

I D E A S F O R A D V O C A C Y A C T I V I T I E S

Your choice of advocacy activities will depend on which target audiences you have selected and what you wish to
achieve. The actions set out here are intended to give you some ideas. Not all of them will be suitable for your context

and circumstances, but they may help you to come up with new ideas. You may be able to replicate some of the ideas di-
rectly, and you can also obtain advice from other Chapters which have tried them out already, by using the Online Forum

on the Chapter Zone or talking to your contact at TI-S. The examples from TI Chapters mentioned below are described in

more detail in GCR 2007 and in the Advocacy Toolkit (see 'Examples of advocacy on judicial corruption').

Another and more comprehensive source of ideas is TI's Corruption Fighter's Tooltoolkit (www.transparency.org/tools/

e_tooltoolkit), although this does not focus exclusively on judicial corruption.

1. Investigating the issue

a. Analyse cases from Advocacy and Legal Advice Centres (ALACs).
b. Use case materials from ALACs.
c. Review and document speciﬁ c cases where judicial corruption is suspected (including ones

concerning international asset recovery)
d. Investigate and document conﬂ icts of interest with individual judges (see example from TI-Argentina).

e. Monitor individual judges' adherence to codes of conduct
f. Court Watch/Judiciary Watch (see examples from TI-Ghana and TI-Cambodia).

g. Assess judicial system against TI's Checklist for Assessing Safeguards against Judicial Corruption (in this

Advocacy Toolkit).

2. Publicising the issue

a. Press, TV and radio news articles linked to an event or the publication of a report.
b. Press features (a more in-depth article often including photographs and case studies).

c. Op-eds (a print opinion piece written by an expert with direct experience or knowledge of a topic
of interest to the newspaper's audience).
d. Letters page in local and national newspapers.
e. Radio and TV phone-in shows, and panel discussions.

f. Media stunts and photo-opportunities (e.g. a large magnifying glass in front of the main court
building).
g. T-shirts or other clothing with printed slogans or images. Slogans should be short and punchy

to get the message across and images should clearly illustrate the problem of judicial corruption.

Humour is a crucial weapon.
h. Posters and leaﬂ ets. When designing a poster or leaﬂ et, be very clear of its purpose and who the
intended audience is. Think creatively.
i. Publish the results of your investigations of judicial corruption either/both as a printed report or

on your website. The report could be formally (and publicly) presented to the Minister of Justice
or a group of MPs, for example. To gain further publicity, produce a short summary (no more than
four pages) of your ﬁ ndings and distribute copies to sympathetic journalists.

j. Seminars and conferences. These could involve academics, politicians, journalists and/or
members of the judiciary.

3. Engaging journalists

a. Train journalists in court reporting. You may need to call on expert help to do this, possibly from
another country, as well as local law professionals. A training workshop or seminar could be

organised in partnership with a journalism college or training school.
b. Provide background brieﬁ ngs so that journalists can conduct their own investigations.

2. Advocacy Guide

d| Ideas for advocacy activities

4. Engaging law schools

a. Promote GCR 2007 onto law school reading lists by contacting law school librarians, professors
and student bodies. Our publisher will also contact librarians and GCR 2007 will be announced on

lists of new publications.
b. Hold an essay competition for law students. This could be arranged through a sympathetic pro-
fessor and publicised through posters at the school, or via student and online media. Decide on the

topic; entry rules and regulations; length; format; and an award for the winner and runners-up.
c. Organise a seminar/training session on ethics at local law schools. This could also be arranged
through a sympathetic law professor, and might involve a presentation of the GCR, and invitations

to professors and judges to discuss ethics with students.
d. Invite law professors to speak at conferences and other events, and even to be a spokesperson for

your campaign.
e. Recruit law students as volunteers or interns to undertake research for advocacy actions.

5. Supporting victims of judicial corruption

a. Have a visible presence in courts as observers and monitors of proceedings
(see example from TI-Cambodia).

b. Produce a guide to the courts, including court procedures, jargon, etc.
(see example from TI-Madagascar).

6. Other advocacy actions

a. Monitor the process of selecting judges (see example from TI-Ecuador).

b. Lobby ministers and other politicians.
c. Organise public petitions and postcard campaigns to be sent to the government.
d. Arrange for a public statement or open letter, signed by supportive judges and lawyers, to be sent

to government and published in the media.

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

I D E A S F O R A D V O C A C Y A C T I V I T I E S

T R A N S P A R E N C Y I N T E R N A T I O N A I : C O M B A T I N G C O R R U P T I O N I N J U D I C I A L S Y S T E M S A D V O C A C Y T O O L K I T

F R E Q U E N T L Y A S K E D Q U E S T I O N S ( F A Q S ) A B O U T T H E G C R A N D J U D I C I A L C O R R U P T I O N

These FAQs include a series of questions and answers on:
a. The Global Corruption Report

b. The Global Corruption Report 2007 recommendations
c. The judiciary in context
d. International legal instruments related to judicial corruption

e. Measuring judicial corruption

a. The Global Corruption Report
What is the Global Corruption Report?

The Global Corruption Report (GCR) provides an annual assessment of the state of corruption around the world. Pro-

duced by Transparency International, the world's leading anti-corruption NGO, the GCR draws together news and analy-
sis from experts and activists, and spotlights recent developments in the anti-corruption campaign. Each GCR features a

speciﬁ c sector of government or business activity in which corruption plays a persistent role, and subjects it to sustained
and detailed study.

How is the GCR unique?
In addition to this core thematic section, the GCR features assessments of corruption at international, regional and

national levels. It also brings together empirical ﬁ ndings from research teams on different aspects of corruption in a
format that is suitable for a broader readership. Given the signiﬁ cance to so many TI Chapters of this year's theme –

judicial corruption – the GCR's regular section of country reports examines in detail how corruption affects the judiciary

in 37 selected nations. Previous GCRs have featured political corruption (2004), corruption in construction and post-

conﬂ ict reconstruction (2005) and corruption and health (2006).

How often is it published?
The ﬁ rst edition – GCR 2001 – was published in October 2001 and covered the period 1 July 2000–June 30 2001. Since

then, the report has been published annually.

Who reads the GCR?
The GCR is aimed at as broad an audience as possible, but is particularly useful to policy makers, business executives,

journalists, academics, students and civil society activists. With corruption at the top of the political agenda across much
of the world, policy makers need to keep in touch with developments in other countries and recent research ﬁ ndings.

Businesses are increasingly taking measures against corruption as donors target their operations overseas, and the GCR
provides them with up-to-date information on changes in the international legislative framework, and of steps being

taken by their competitors and business organisations. Journalists ﬁ nd snapshots of corruption in other countries in the

GCR, as well as the leads to the news stories of tomorrow.
Civil society activists learn news of actions taken by groups elsewhere in the world, alongside key developments in the

global struggle against corruption. For academics and students in several ﬁ elds, the GCR is an important tool with its
unique combination of country reports, expert assessments and empirical ﬁ ndings. The GCR is relevant to students of

governance in all its forms, whether in political science, international relations, economics, law, public-sector manage-
ment or development studies. It is also key reading for students of business and management who are interested in the

evolving ethics of business.

Who writes for the GCR?
TI commissions most contributions from academics and experts. Country reports are almost exclusively written by mem-

bers of TI's National Chapters around the world. The report is edited by a team at the TI International Secretariat in Berlin.

An editorial advisory panel composed of 15 experts from within and outside the TI movement, advises the editorial team.

All texts are peer reviewed by two independent experts, in addition to

GCR editors and the editorial advisory panel.

How does the GCR differ from the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)?
While the CPI assigns separate scores to the countries surveyed to build up the index, the GCR presents stories and expe-

riences that shed light on these scores. The CPI attempts to measure perceptions of corruption, while the GCR explores
different kinds of corruption, the measures being taken to ﬁ ght them, national and regional trends, and the factors that

inﬂ uence those trends. Every GCR features the most recent CPI in its research section, which contains other corruption-

related indices and data surveys from a range of organisations. For more on the CPI, see TI's website.

3. Judicial Corruption and the GCR 2007

a| Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

about the GCR and Judicial Corruption

How are the countries covered in the GCR selected?
TI ﬁ rst introduced country reports in the present format in GCR 2004. Previously, country reports had been incorporated

within a regional perspective on corruption. The new reports provided a detailed look at key corruption-related develop-

ments, as assessed by members of TI's Chapters and other experts. The selection process is aimed at ensuring regional

balance, as well as a diversity in the types of economy and government system. The result is a group of reports that vary
in topic and approach, reﬂ ecting the breadth of knowledge across the TI movement.

The GCR cannot hope to discuss every country in the world. The fact that some countries are not analysed, or that others
receive more frequent coverage than others, in no way reﬂ ects their levels of corruption.

How are the contributions for the GCR's research section selected?
Contributions are selected for their policy implications and innovative methodologies. From the World Bank and the

OECD to universities and think tanks around the world, small teams of researchers are pushing back the boundaries of

knowledge about the dynamics of corruption which, by its nature, is clandestine and opaque. These efforts are taking
place across the spectrum of interactions between ofﬁ cialdom and the public, whether in governance, procurement,

health, school admissions, and so on. The GCR brings the best of this work out of the obscurity of academic research
and to the attention of the general public in the belief that deepening understanding of the phenomenon of corruption

contributes to defeating it.

Who funds the report?
The report is partially funded by a grant from the German Development Cooperation Ministry (BMZ) and institutional

core funding that TI has from other donors.

How can I contribute to the report?
Experts, academics, journalists and other potential contributors to the GCR should contact the editorial team at

gcr@transparency.org
If you are interested in supporting TI's work, please contact your local TI Chapter. For the full listing of Chapters, see

www.transparency.org/contact_us/ti_nc

Does the GCR offer internships?
Yes, we occasionally accept internship applications. Please visit the 'Jobs at TI' section at

www.transparency.org/contact_us/work

The GCR 2007 focuses on corruption in judicial systems. Why was this topic chosen?

A large number of anti-corruption laws have been added to the statute books over the past decade, but enforcement

remains weak in many countries. Judicial systems untainted by corruption are essential if anti-corruption laws are to

stand any chance of being upheld. In previous years, TI Chapters have opted time and again to write about malfunction-
ing courts and judges as their country's primary corruption problem. The GCR editorial panel felt it was time to analyse

the problem in more depth, provide recommendations on how to address it, and analyse the underlying links between
judicial corruption, judicial independence and broader corruption.

b. Global Corruption Report recommendations
Can the GCR recommendations be applied to any judicial system?

The recommendations offer a consensus of views on what should be the minimum standards for developing and main-
taining integrity, accountability and transparency within a judicial system. The performance of national systems, how-

ever varied, can be measured against these recommendations.

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Part I: The Analytical Framework

The Challenge of Renovation
Corruption appears to be increasing, despite a growing number of empirical evidence as to the destructive forces it unleashes. When important decisions are determined by ulterior motives with no concern for the consequences for the state and the wider community, the political, economic and social costs are high. Corruption control is therefore not simply an end in itself but is crucial and instrumental in reaching the broader goal of more effective, fair and efficient government for the benefit of all.

The Anatomy of Corruption
Corruption involves behaviour on the part of public officials--be they elected politicians or appointed civil servants--in which they improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves or those close to them, by the misuse of the power entrusted to them. Although the causes of corruption and the forms it takes vary depending on the respective system and context, corruption invariably impacts negatively on the great majority of society.

Developing Responses
The fight against corruption is demanding, as change must not only be achieved, but be sustainable. Complete eradication is both unrealistic and undesirable: unrealistic, as corrupt individuals will always be with us, and undesirable, as to aim at complete elimination of corruption could place civil and political human rights at risk. The need to overcome vested interests, as well as the difficulty of finding credible reformers and of ensuring the support of a wide coalition of stakeholders is a task that should not be under estimated. Reform must attract broad support and involve strategies to deal with the legacy of the past. Systemic change is essential, as merely replacing one corrupt individual with another who has not (yet) been corrupted, is not an effective response. "Horizontal accountability" offers the best overall system of checks and balances.

The National Integrity System
The National Integrity System is the sum total of the institutions and practices within a given country that address aspects of maintaining the honesty and integrity of government and private sector institutions. Any attempt to address corruption effectively and sustainably involves an holistic approach, examining each of these institutions and practices and the various inter-relationships to determine where remedial action is required. Ad hoc reforms are unlikely to succeed.

Building Political Will
Leadership is critical in both driving a reform programme and in leading by example. However, electing a honest head of state or government does not necessarily guarantee the launch and implementation of an effective reform programme: support from a broad section of society is critical to its success, or failure. Champions of reform must muster committment from a wide variety of constituencies. The task of building political will can begin at the grassroots, and does not end with the government embarking on reforms. Reforms must be supported through the often difficult times that lie ahead.

Part II: Institutional Pillars of the National Integrity System

An Elected Legislature
Elected parliaments can be at the forefront of the fight against corruption. An elected parliament has the legitimacy to hold the executive accountable. However, a corrupt political elite--often sustained by illicit political party financing--and obscure practices in both public appointments and decision-making processes are major obstacles to reform.

The Role of the Executive
The Executive has a central role in building, maintaining and respecting a country's national integrity system. Ideally, the Executive will provide a living example of a country's integrity to the political system and its components and assume the role of the leader in terms of pro-democratic reform. A honest but isolated Executive, however, is not sufficient. It is essential that dispositions be put in place which specify not only the role and responsibilities of the government, but that also clarify its interrelationship with other public and private bodies.

An Independent Judicial System
An independent, impartial and informed judiciary holds a central place in the realisation of a just, honest, open and accountable government. Being exempt from direct control, the rules of appointment, status and conduct of its members are of utmost importance. However, individual members of the judiciary must be held accountable in ways that do not compromise the institution's independence. Such accountability strengthens the institution's independence: it increases integrity and helps to protect the judicial power from those who might want to erode it. Otherwise a judiciary can become simply a tool in the hands of a powerful--and corrupt--elite.

The Auditor-General
The Supreme Audit Institution is responsible for auditing the state's income and expenditure, and acting as a watchdog over its financial integrity. As an external auditor acting on behalf of the tax payer and his representatives in parliament, it is essential that the Auditor-General is not appointed by the governing party and that he / she enjoys appropriate tenure of office.

The Ombudsman
The Ombudsman constitutes an office which, independently of the executive, receives and investigates complaints about maladministration. It gives individuals the opportunity to have decisions which affect them reviewed by an independent and expert body, without the expenses and delays of court proceedings. Independence from political interference, adequate resources, accessibility and high levels of public recognition are among the prerequisites for its effectiveness.

Independent Anti-Corruption Agencies
As corrupt practices become ever more sophisticated, conventional law enforcement agencies are less well placed to detect and prosecute corruption cases. Specialised and independent anti-corruption agencies can present the advantage of being exclusively devoted to fighting corruption. The success of such agency depends on both the determination and integrity of its staff and the political will for it to succeed as displayed and fostered by country's leadership. Without proper resources, the guarantee of independence and inter-institutional support, the best-intended agency will fail to fulfil expectation. In a best case scenario, however, an ICAC can be an important part of a broader national plan of action.

Public Service to Serve the Public
In an ideal world impartial and honest civil servants execute their tasks in an efficient and unbiased way for the benefit of society. Assisting the government in the formulation and execution of policies, the civil service is the link between the governors and the governed and is, as such, at the centre of potential conflicts. Exposed to threats from both the top (politicisation of the civil service) and the bottom levels (unsolicited bribes), the maintenance of its members' integrity is a key to efficient service delivery and just and honest government.

Local Government
Local governments have increasingly come into the focus of anti-corruption strategists as it is on the local level that the direct effects of corruption impact most visibly on the ordinary citizen. Corruption should not only be fought from the top; an important bottom-up dimension is added by targeting the municipal level.

An Independent and Free Media
Availability of information is a prerequisite for the creation of an informed public, empowered to participate meaningfully in public debate and to hold those who govern accountable. It is fundamental to democracy itself. A free and independent media is the principal vehicle for taking information to the public. A free, independent, accountable and ethical media whose status is protected by the law and who is not subject to political or otherwise opportunistic leadership can assume an important watchdog function and act as an agent of awareness. Freedom of speech and information, however, has its limits where their dissemination goes against the public interest.

Civil Society
Civil society--the sum of organisations and networks which lie outside the formal state apparatus and that gain legitimacy for their actions from promoting the public interest on a non profit basis--has emerged as a central player in world politics. Adding a third dimension to the traditional public-private axis, civil society (i.e. non-governmental) organisations have effectively backed popular demands for greater accountability and responsiveness and helped to initiate important anti-corruption efforts. The institutionalisation of civil society participation is thus a major challenge and can add an important bottom-up dimension to conventional anti-corruption strategies.

The Private Corporate Sector
The private sector has a special role to play in the maintenance of a country's national integrity. Corporations exist to make profits, and if they fail, their stakeholders will suffer. However, the view that 'all that matters is the bottom line' is giving way to a new sense of corporate responsibility both within the organisation and towards the societies in which they operate. This development is ever more important as the private sector is increasingly given the task of providing essential goods and services that previously were in the preserve of government agencies. Corruption can occur both within the private sector and among the private and public sectors, and there is a growing body of evidence that companies that tolerate corruption are placing themselves at risk. It is therefore crucial that businesses come to see the benefits of good corporate governance and play an active part in containing corruption.

International Actors and Mechanisms
It is essential that steps be taken to facilitate international co-operation in the field of corruption prevention and prosecution. Many countries are now moving towards the development of formalised international assistance arrangements such as the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (1997) and the Inter-American Convention against Corruption (1996)--in the light of an ever greater recognition of the adverse effects of corruption and the moral responsibility of governments to avoid harbouring its proceeds.

Part III: Rules and Practics for the Institutional Pillars

Free and Fair Elections
A government's legitimacy is based on the belief of its people in its right to govern. The way in which this mandate is acquired is crucial to the readiness of all to acknowledge it: a lack of legitimacy almost inevitably breeds a climate in which corruption can blossom. The mechanisms through which elections can be held in a fair and transparent way is of utmost importance wherever leaders seek to legitimate their rule through the electoral process.

Administrative Law--Judicial Review of Official Actions
Administrative Law provides judicial review of the lawfulness of specific administrative acts and enables the citizen to challenge actions which adversely affect him or her. Administrative law should fully support and enforce transparency and accountability on the part of public officials.

Public Service Ethics, Monitoring Assets and Integrity Testing
The need to foster and sustain high levels of ethics in the public service has come into the spotlight with a global shift of focus towards the performance and importance of the public sector and its service delivery. Increased concern about corruption and the decline of confidence in both integrity and capacity of public administration has prompted many governments to review their approaches to ethical conduct. Integrity of public officials can come under pressure in a variety of ways, and it is thus essential that ethical codes are tailored to the society's conditions. Integrity testing can have a role to play, and the assets and liabilities of officers at particular risk may need to be monitored.

Conflict of Interest, Nepotism and Cronyism
A conflict of interest arises when a person in a decision-making position is influenced by personal considerations when doing his or her job. Conflicts of interest, as well as the closely related phenomena of nepotism and cronyism are inherently counterproductive. It is thus essential that clear and unambiguous measures be taken--such as procedural statements and codes of conduct--that help to identify and to deal with actual, potential and perceived conflicts of interest and that prevent them from seriously undermining the functioning of an organisation.

Public Procurement: Where the Public and Private Sectors Do Business
Few activities create greater incentives, or offer more opportunities for corruption than public sector procurement. This is primarily because it usually involves large quantities and monetary amounts in deals between every level of government and every type of government organisation. Procurement procedures often appear to be complicated, and so are readily manipulated in a variety of ways, in corrupt transactions that benefits both parties.

Good Financial Management
Good financial management practices are one of the most powerful anti-corruption devices. They can inhibit, disclose and help to identify corrupt practices and their perpetrators. The system should provide vital information for various--public and private sector--watchdogs on the basis of which decisions can be made. Poor, disconnected and untimely accounting systems and disintegrated approaches to financial management virtually incite fraud, just as good financial management provides protection for the honest.

The Right to Information--Information, Public Awareness and Public Records
Information is a prerequisite for accountability, and is as such a central ingredient for any democratic system. Informed judgement and appraisal by the public, press and legislature are frustrated if government activities are hidden from view. Legislation--or other enforceable administrative arrangements--sanctioning the access to information is thus crucial to the creation and maintenance of a country's integrity. However, for access to be effective, official records must be readily accessible.

Giving Citizens a Voice
An empowered citizenry is a vital underpinning of a country's national integrity system. Citizens need to be informed, aware of their rights, willing to claim them and prepared, where necessary, to complain without fearing eventual oppression. Citizens charters can assist, and Citizens Advice Centres help in individual cases. Channels for complaints must be provided and public interest legislation can provide remedies.

Competition Policy and Containing Corruption
Competition policy determines the place of the state in the economic life of the nation by determining the way and the space in which it is involved. Competition policy also regulates the manner in which the private sector functions. It is therefore an essential tool to protect and promote economic activity and integrity and to ensure that this happens in the best interest of society.

Laws to Fight Corruption
Laws to fight corruption embrace much more than the criminal law. They include laws governing access to information, freedom of expression and a free media. The criminal law should be consistent with global human rights norms and afford a fair trial; they should not be overly repressive. Special provisions may be needed in corruption cases to require individuals with inexplicable wealth to explain its sources. The civil law can also provide remedies either to individual citizens or to the state. Specialist bodies can track and seize the proceeds of corruption. Amnesties may be needed to escape from the legacy of a corrupt past.

Surveys as Tools--Measuring Progress
A corrupt act is generally conducted in great secrecy. All parties involved in the direct transaction will have a vested interest in hiding their activities away from the public. Surveys therefore present a unique means of determining levels of corruption in a sector or society that otherwise would remain in the dark. Albeit imprecise and limited to perceptions only, corruption surveys address serious issues and not only raise levels of attention accorded to the problem as a result of increased awareness and pressure, but also provide information as to where interventions are needed.

Part IV: Lessons Learned

Lessons Learned--A Progress Report
The chapter summarises, in point form, about fourty of the lessons learned in the field since the anti-corruption reform movement got under way in the mid-1990s.

Part V: Appendix

Emerging Best Practice in Containing Corruption
An overview of the documentation available as of the date of publication of the printed version of the TI Source Book.

Selected Bibliography

Index by Subject

Index by Country

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Table of Contents

1. A growing security agenda

2. Unravelling the web of

corruption risks

3. Understanding the security

fall out from corruption

4. Overcoming the challenges

# 04 / 2008

Corruption and (In)security

The threat of foreign invasion is no longer the only concern

dominating the security agenda of states. The list of dangers includes

the menace posed by non-state actors and terrorist groups as well as

broader social, economic and environmental risks. Whether internal

or external, these pressures are breeding violence and corruption,

undermining state security and destabilising the global system.

For security policies to be effective states must recognise and

respond to how corruption ignites and magnifies these dangers. In

some countries and regions corruption is the
facilitator of insecurity.
Individuals dealing in arms running may use their illicit profits to bribe

their way across borders in order to carry out violent campaigns

against states. In other cases, corruption is the
cause of security
breakdowns. A state may become the source of insecurity as it relies

on corruption to keep itself in power, serving as the match to light

political, social and economic unrest and sparking conflict.

Both anti-corruption approaches and security policies need to

address these linkages and look at the broader context that has

created a web of security risks — within and outside national

boundaries.

Corruption and (In)security

www.transparency.org

TI Working Paper # 04/2008

1. A growing security agenda

Traditional military notions of state security have given way to include a wider

range of threats posed for citizens and communities (see boxes). Contraband

trading, uncontrolled migratory and refugee flows, state-led violence, rigged

elections, pandemics and environmental degradation — these by-products of

corruption all form part of today's growing list of security concerns.

When corruption and security risks combine, the mix can compromise the safety

of millions for the benefit of a few. One corrupt act can set off a chain of events

that shatters security and undermines stability. Kickbacks and bribery may be

used to facilitate terrorists slipping across borders and reaching their targets, as

has been well-documented in countries from Kenya to Russia, Morocco to

Thailand. Criminal networks may use pay-offs to produce contraband goods that

bankroll their anti-state activities, as armed groups have done in Armenia,

Azerbaijan and Georgia.

1 National revenues generated from natural resources

may be stolen by politicians and channelled to fund armaments for the military

and to keep the status quo of governments, as in Sudan and Chad. As each of

these cases demonstrate, different types of corruption have different impacts that

undermine the broader umbrella of countries' security concerns.

2. Unravelling the web of corruption risks

Within this framework, corruption serves to both facilitate and cause security

risks globally, regionally and nationally. Studies show that it is no coincidence

that low accountability, reduced transparency, heightened corruption and greater

insecurity are occurring simultaneously in many countries.

2 Corruption weaves

different actors together at different levels who chip away at the pillars —

political, military, social, economic and environmental — that sustain security:

Political
: The 'buying' of political candidates, the judiciary and local police

forces. These monies may flow from drug traffickers, businessmen or

powerful political elites and be used to distort security-related decisions.

Military
: Unaccountable and questionable procurement processes by

ministries or private contractors.

Social
: The use of bribery and power by organised crime groups to

facilitate, for example, human trafficking and small arms running (see box

on page 3).

Economic
: The theft of public monies generated from natural resource

wealth to fund paramilitary groups or insurgents.

Environmental
: The payment of bribes by governments and companies to

dump hazardous waste and materials in marginalised communities.

When it comes to addressing these insecurities, governments can be both part of

the problem and the solution. In the cases of countries like China, Chile,

Germany and Jordan, government-led efforts to combat corruption have targeted

one or more of the dimensions affecting a state's security risks. In other

instances, governments have systematically used corruption to fuel national,

regional and global conflagrations at the cost of the security of their citizens.

Redefining security in the 21st

century

The term 'security' often refers to

protecting a country or group of

countries — including their citizens,

territory and property — from

external threats and risks. They may

be military or non-military in nature

and can arise from different actors

and sectors.

Based on this refined view,

appropriate security responses

involve actions and policies that are

preventative as well as defensive. A

country's police, military and civilian

authorities are considered the

gatekeepers of this work.

A broader conceptualisation of

security has evolved, however, that

looks at the many interrelated

variables conditioning it. This change

reflects the shift away from seeing

armaments as the core solution to

and source of insecurity, and

conflicts as solely state-to-state.

It recognises social, political,

economic, technological and

environmental factors as equally

creating widespread and severe

security risks that require prevention,

mitigation and responses on the part

of states.

4
Putting people at the centre of a

security paradigm

Rather than only looking at how

states defend themselves against

external attacks, 'human security'

has emerged as an alternative view.

This concept focuses on how to

protect individuals and communities

from a wider range of threats posed

by civil war, genocide and the

displacement of populations.

Efforts are aimed at identifying and

responding to the sources of the

problem that are endangering the

lives and livelihoods of individuals,

communities and countries.

Policy solutions include economic

development, social justice,

environmental protection,

democratisation, judicial reform,

disarmament and respect for human

rights.

5
Corruption and (In)security

www.transparency.org

TI Working Paper # 04/2008

Chad (1,6), the Democratic Republic of Congo (1,7), Myanmar (1,3) and the

Sudan (1,6) rank in the bottom five per cent on the 2008 Corruption Perceptions

Index (CPI) produced by TI. These countries' governments are also commonly

named among the worst perpetrators of violence against their own citizens.

At the same time, corruption and insecurity can spring from relatively stable and

well-governed states when there are breaches in their own accountability,

transparency and integrity. Recent scandals in the US and UK regarding opaque

defence industry practices serve all too well as a reminder of corruption's reach.

US dealings in Iraq in particular have been under constant scrutiny after a series

of shadowy military and oil contracts were uncovered which flouted US and Iraqi

government policies.

6 One study by the Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction

found that the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) mismanaged contracts worth

US$ 88,1 million, overpaid on at least 11 projects and saw US$ 36 million in

weapons go missing. Private and public actors on both sides have been

implicated in the abuse. According to the TI Global Corruption Barometer 2007,

US citizens' cynicism of their government's ability to fight this and other types of

corruption have placed the US in the bottom quintile of countries — and among

states such as Argentina, Albania and Russia — for their efforts to combat

abuse.

3. Understanding the security fall out from corruption

The security agendas of countries — including more traditional concerns related

to questions of borders and defence — have been surprisingly disconnected from

the anti-corruption discourse. Yet policies made under a country's security

doctrine can produce extremely distorted results when corruption enters into the

equation.

Corruption can

facilitate as well as cause a rise in security risks for countries and

citizens, linking together political, military, social, economic and environmental

concerns. In both cases, increased insecurity can lead to increased corruption,

creating a vicious cycle. Governments may use citizens' greater sense of

'insecurity' (whether real or perceived) and the banner of 'national security' to

hide abuses and withhold information — actions which, in turn, can contribute to

elevated security threats. Such opacity is occurring as traditional security funding

is soaring. In the last 10 years, world military spending has jumped 37 per cent,

with the US accounting for more than half of all current outlays.

Corruption can

facilitate insecurity through different channels and actors. It can:
Serve as an accomplice for violence
. Bribery has been used as the

grease for getting nuclear arsenals and arms out of countries (often

transitional or fragile states). A variety of former Soviet republics (e.g.

Belarus, Georgia and Tajikistan) and other countries like Pakistan top the

list of nations sending these deadly materials abroad.

9 Security

checkpoint payoffs have also been used to give a safe passage to

terrorists to cross borders and carry out attacks. For example, Russian

investigators traced the airliner attack by Chechen insurgents in 2004 to a

bribe of less than US$ 180 that was paid to get them on board without

proper identification.

Organised crime: A transnational

risk

A string of recent public opinion polls

in European Union (EU) member

states have revealed that organised

crime and its links with corruption

rank high among citizen concerns.

Eurobarometer survey (2007) of

citizens in these countries showed

organised crime and terrorism as the

top area that needs to be addressed

with neighbouring states (61 per cent

of respondents). For EU member

states, it was also ranked as the third

most mentioned national policy issue

(23 per cent), after social justice (43

per cent) and peace and security (27

per cent).

These results follow previous

Eurobarometer
findings (2005) that

more than half of EU citizens (54 per

cent) see corruption as the driving

force behind organised crime in their

countries.

For example, organised criminal

groups in the EU — particularly from

Albania, Romania and Turkey —

have been linked to human

trafficking rings that often bribe

border guards and use personal

networks to move their victims

across countries.

'If customs, police and security

professionals are corrupt, no

expensive high-tech devices will

provide our citizens with the

security they deserve. If corrupt

public servants provide false

identity documents, terrorists will

move more freely throughout the

world, and all of our societies will

be threatened.'

- Ron Noble, Secretary General of

Interpol
11
Corruption and (In)security

www.transparency.org

TI Working Paper # 04/2008

Reduce government resources for key sectors
. When corruption casts its

shadow on decision-making, already limited resources to address the

broader scope of security risks are reduced, inappropriately spent or

siphoned-off for personal use. For example, studies have shown that

corruption is associated with the skewing of public expenditures towards

defence funding and away from basic services, as measured by the share

of national income dedicated to each.

12
Decrease government accountability
. Executive and legislative privileges

may be expanded beyond the powers that citizens have given, and used

to dodge questions of accountability on a government's military decisions

or actions in other spheres. Under a scenario of limited accountability,

arms sales and military support may be granted to countries based on

unclear criteria and opaque decision-making. Private military contractors

and region-wide security operations may fall into a void, without proper

control or safeguards guiding their actions.

Limit access to information
. As perceptions of insecurity rise, the notion of

'national security' may be perversely claimed by governments to prevent

the spotlight from being cast on corrupt activities or to quell dissent. By

employing the 'security' veil, information may be blocked on issues like

the awarding of defence contracts. Even in times of peace, matters of

state 'security' have always been considered outside the public domain.

For example, neither the International Monetary Fund nor the World Bank

requires countries to report on defence spending as part of public finance

rules, although transparency in government expenditures for education,

health, the judiciary and a battery of other sectors is expected.

13
Promote impunity
. Particularly in times of war or conflict, citizen rights and

due process may be violated in the name of preventing 'terrorism' or

under the claim of 'national security': with their personal safety already

threatened, citizens may be discouraged from exposing cases of

corruption. Legislation approved in Russia in 2006 now considers

extremism to include any criticism of a public official. In countries such as

China, Jordan, Nepal and the US, anti-terror measures have re-classified

certain acts of political dissent as falling within the scope of the law.

Freedom of expression suffers most when such protections are eroded.

The media may be forced to reveal sources or not publish stories.

Although 100 countries have laws protecting journalists and their sources,

the US, Canada, Netherlands and Ireland are conspicuously missing from

the list.

Corruption can also be the

cause of insecurity; most notably when systemic

abuse makes governments the source of the problem. In such cases corruption

can:

Exacerbate security threats
. While representing less than one per cent of

international trade flows, arms exports are estimated to account for 50 per

cent of all corrupt transactions globally.

14 Corruption allows for

breakdowns in the delivery of supplies to go unaccounted for and arms

smuggling to flourish. In the small arms trade alone, estimates are that

'Secrecy is a form of corruption,

even when it is not used to hide

the illegal enrichment of people in

government…How can we be sure

that resources intended for the

development of the region's

countries will be used in the best

possible way, if governments

refuse to disclose how they use

significant parts of their national

budgets?'

- Oscar Arias, Nobel Peace Prize

Winner and President of Costa

Rica
15
Corruption and (In)security

www.transparency.org

TI Working Paper # 04/2008

black market sales may top US$ 10 billion annually.

16 Illegal trading and

weak export controls mean that a country may find the weapons it has

sent legally to partners and suppliers in the hands of its greatest security

threats, as has happened in Colombia, Panama, Iraq, Somalia, Haiti and

Afghanistan. The push for a United Nations treaty to address these gaps

and other issues of arms excesses has been strong, but action is

currently stalled due to resistance by big exporters like the US.

Fuel conflict
. The systematic stealing and misappropriation of state funds

by corrupt governments breeds discontent and conflict among citizens, as

has been evident by separatist movements in resource-rich countries like

Indonesia and Nigeria. In the past, such monies have been used to

directly support insurgents (Afghanistan and Iraq), attack citizens (Sudan)

and export conflict (Liberia). Non-state actors also enter into this equation,

using financing from drug, contraband and human trafficking to fund

violence. For example, the TI national chapter in Colombia has analysed

the links between the drug trade, armed insurgents and the capture of the

state.

17
Promote state capture and abuse.
When corruption is dictating the rules

of the game, increases in spending do not necessarily mean more

effective security policies. Even in a context of rising donor flows to

military allies, the effectiveness and sustainability of spending are likely to

be compromised if the recipient government is corrupt. For example, a

rise in military funds to kleptocracies can only serve to bolster unpopular

governments and increase insecurity.

Destabilise regions and the international system
. Countries as diverse as

Lebanon, Pakistan, the Sudan and the Congo form part of a network of

nations where domestic corruption is undermining global security and

threatening international peace.

18 These countries present past and future

challenges for preventing and resolving conflicts vis-à-vis peace building

and peacemaking while also feeding into economic, environmental and

social insecurities.

Undermine peace processes
. In cases where claims of corruption

compromise peace processes, it can increase instability rather than

alleviate it, as has happened in Haiti, Sri Lanka and Timor Leste.

Research in the South Caucus region has shown that peace building is

often difficult to achieve when one side perceives the other to be

corrupt.

20 Corruption can also complicate demobilisation, disarmament

and reintegration initiatives. Former warlords may run off with a few

cronies and the money, leaving their fighters without funds, but with guns.

4. Overcoming the challenges

Perceptions, behaviours and norms are difficult to change, yet such shifts are

essential to break the ties that have formed between corruption and insecurity.

Refocusing security policies will require the work of a broad base of stakeholders

from across the branches of government and sectors of society.

Corruption and (In)security

www.transparency.org

TI Working Paper # 04/2008

It must also involve simultaneously reducing the risks of corruption and insecurity

— which is no easy task given the panorama of problems presented by both sets

of issues. To pursue this work, efforts will need to target building political will at

the country and regional levels to ensure that there is a common understanding

as to why an integrated agenda of different sectoral initiatives serves to

strengthen security policies and address the different risks that corruption creates

(see box).

Some ways to operationalise these shifts might include:

Military:

Working with the military to emphasise how operations can become more

effective and efficient by eliminating corruption, including more

transparent disclosure of procurement, enforceable codes of conduct

(anti-bribery) and integrity pacts (between governments and suppliers).

Leading training workshops for security officials and citizens on how to

strengthen preventative anti-corruption measures. A programme led by

the TI national chapter in the UK (www.defenceagainstcorruption.org) has

focused on scaling this up to the regional level.

Political:

Partnering with legislatures on designing a security strategy that

mainstreams anti-corruption measures and looks at how it complements

different sector policies.

Building a dialogue with ministerial officials on the channels through which

corruption compromises the different dimensions of security. The

experience of TI's work in Poland shows how such exchanges can result

in institutional change — in this case the creation of an anti-corruption

policy for the ministry of defence.

Referencing global and regional codes to assist governments to design

more effective policies that reach the root of the problem. These include

the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) guidelines on helping

prevent violent conflict, which have been produced by the Organisation

for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Working on judicial and police reforms that target limiting the opportunities

for political and business elites to coopt the process, as well as by groups

tied to contraband and terrorism.

Social:

Mapping how corruption facilitates and causes insecurity, including the

actors and outcomes involved. Such an assessment must also include a

consideration of what happens when anti-corruption efforts are effective

or back-fire. In post-conflict countries, stemming the flow of corruption as

part of demilitarisation efforts may actually spark greater violence if

compensatory benefits and incentives are not in place for the fighters

returning home. Breaking up illegal markets that are facilitated by

Contextualising 'security' and its

role in corruption

Finding entry points to address

security risks facilitated and caused

by corruption will be conditioned by

country and cultural contexts.

In many Arab countries, the

governments are seen as 'care-taker

states' and above citizen demands

regarding access to information,

transparency or accountability of

their actions. In Saudi Arabia and

other Gulf States, for example, the

lack of accountability has created

fertile terrain for corruption to take

place within these countries' security

institutions.

In other states, 'security' matters are

considered solely a question of

defence, sacred and outside the

reach of citizens and the law. Sudan,

Syria and Libya, among other

countries, are known for being nontransparent

when it comes to the

states' administrative, financial and

operational dealings on security.

Corruption and (In)security

www.transparency.org

TI Working Paper # 04/2008

corruption can also lead to greater insecurity and violence once the rules

of the game shift.

Doing outreach and advocacy activities with the electorate to illustrate

how petty bribes, the sale of contraband and the purchase of counterfeit

products are sources of weakened security, in the same way as

questionable military contracts and non-transparent arms exports.

Economic:

Drawing on the OECD Anti-bribery Convention and United Nations

Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) to assist countries in formulating

supportive structures for the prevention and punishment of corruption (in

partnership with parliamentarians and civil society).

21 The establishment

and use of an independent anti-corruption body can help advance this

work.

Working with different industries (e.g. defence, forestry, agricultural) and

actors (public, private and civil society) to develop solutions to the triggers

of corruption and insecurity. The signing of sectoral pacts to promote

clean public procurement processes may be one area for action.

Environmental:

Leveraging global treaties on climate, energy, food and health is a first

step for deconstructing the cross-cutting relationship between the

environment, security and corruption. Since environmental degradation

has no boundaries, solutions must be equally international in scope.

Integrating transparency and participatory policy-making into government

spending on programmes on the environment. This would allow policymakers

to be held accountable for any inequality in funding between

sectors and for more traditional security risks.

This wider perspective of the risks to national and international security will allow

governments to better integrate anti-corruption measures as part of their

response to these challenges. Without this change, the security breaches of the

past may well develop into the tragedies of tomorrow.

Corruption and (In)security

www.transparency.org

TI Working Paper # 04/2008

TRANSPARENCY

INTERNATIONAL

Telephone

+49-30-343820 -0

Fax

+49-30-347039 -12

International Secretariat

Alt-Moabit 96

10559 Berlin

Germany

References:

1
See: Natalia Mirimanova and Diana Klein (ed.), Corruption and Conflict in the South Caucasus (London, UK:
International Alert, January 2006).
www.international-alert.org/caucasus/index.php.
2
See: Paul Collier, 'Africa Left Behind', Economic Affairs, Vol. 26 No. 4 (2007); Susan E. Rice, 'The National
Security Implications of Global Poverty', Speech at the University of Michigan Law School (Ann Arbor,

Michigan, 2006).
www.brookings.edu/views/speeches/srice/20060130.pdf.
3
Please see: NATO, NATO-Russia Glossary of Contemporary Political and Military Terms (Brussels, Belgium:
NATO, 2001).
www.nato.int/docu/glossary/eng/index.htm; 'The Global Legal Information Network (GLIN):
www.glin.gov
; 'The Scottish Information Commissioner': www.itspublicknowlegde.info/Law/FOISAEIRsGuidance/
section31/DefinitionOfKeyTerms31.asp
.
4
See: Alyson J.K. Bailes, 'Introduction: The world of security and peace research in a 40-year perspective',
SIPRI Yearbook 2006 (Stockholm, Sweden: SIPRI, 2007).
http://yearbook2006.sipri.org/intro. 'United Nations
University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS):
www.ehs.unu.edu/file.php?id=40; 'The
Commission on Human Security'
: www.humansecurity-chs.org.
5
For varying definitions of human security, see the Human Security Report Project of Simon Frasier University:
www.hsrgroup.org/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=344&ltemid=69
. For UN definitions also see:
www.un.org/esa/ffd/doha/index.htm
and www.gdrc.org/sustdev/husec/Definitions.pdf.
6
See: Nikos Passas, Corruption in the Procurement Process / Outsourcing Government Functions: Issues,
Case Studies and Implications (Austin, Texas: Institute for Fraud Prevention, February 2007).

7
This refers to the question whether respondents thought their government's efforts to fight corruption were:
very effective, somewhat effective, neither effective nor ineffective, somewhat ineffective, or ineffective. See:

Transparency International, Global Corruption Barometer (Berlin, Germany: Transparency International, 2007).

www.transparency.org/content/download/27256/410704/file/GCB_2007_report_en_02-12-2007.pdf

.
8
See: Petter Stålenheim, Catalina Perdomo and Elisabeth Sköns, 'Chapter 8: Military Expenditure,' SIPRI
Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Stockholm, Sweden: Oxford University

Press and SIPRI, 2007).
http://yearbook2007.sipri.org.
9
See: Peter Grier, Faye Bowers and Owais Tohid, 'Pakistan's Nuclear Hero, World's No.1 Nuclear Suspect',
Christian Science Monitor. 2 February 2004.
www.csmonitor.com/2004/0202/p25s01-wosc.html.
10
For 2005 data, see: Eurobarometer, Opinions on organised, cross-border crime and corruption. Special
Eurobarometer Survey No. 245 / Wave 64.3 (Brussels, Belgium: European Union March 2006).

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_245_sum_en.pdf
. For 2007 data, see: Eurobarometer, The
EU's relations with its neighbours: A survey of attitudes in the European Union. Special Eurobarometer

285/Wave 67.3 (Brussels, Belgium: European Union, September 2007).

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_285_en.pdf
. It is important to note that the figures for 2007
are for 27 countries while the data from 2005 covered samples in 25 countries.

11
See: Ronald K. Noble, 'The role of the police in fostering political commitment', 10th International Anti-
Corruption Conference (Prague, Czech Republic, 8 October 2001).

www.interpol.int/public/ICPO/speeches/20011008.asp.

12
See: Claire Delavallade, 'Corruption and distribution of public spending in developing countries', Journal of
Economics and Finance, Vol. 30(2): 222-239 (June 2006); S. Gupta, L. de Mello, and R. Sharan, 'Corruption

and Military Spending', European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 17: 749-777 (2001).

13
Current recommendations to the World Bank's public expenditure and financial accountability framework
(PEFA) suggest bringing defence expenditures into the assessment or adapting the current tool for interested

countries to use in this sector.

14
The figures are estimates from the United States Department of Commerce. See: Mark Pyman, 'Corruption
and the Lack of Transparency in Defence Procurement,' TI-UK Paper presented to the conference 'Arms trade

and development. An ecumenical seminar'. (Brussels, Belgium, 2-3 November 2005). The industry's overrepresentation

in the numbers is confirmed by other findings. The Bribe Payers Index produced by

Transparency International showed that it ranked as the second most likely sector to receive bribes (2002).

15
The quote is taken from a speech made by President Arias to the Inter-American Development Bank in
November 2000. See: Paul Constance, 'Secrecy is a form of Corruption', IDB America (February 2001).

www.iadb.org/idbamerica/index.cfm?thisid=1193
.
16
The International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) estimates that trade on the black market in small
arms may range from US$ 2 billion to US$ 10 billion every year. See:
www.iansa.org/media/wmd.htm.
17
See: Transparencia Colombia, Conflicto armado y delincuencia organizada: Escenarios de corrupción. A
propósito del caso de Colombia. Cuadernos de Transparencia No. 13 (Bogota, Colombia: Transparencia

Colombia, 2007).

www.transparenciacolombia.org.co/Portals/0/descargas/publicaciones/TRANSPARENCIA%2013.zip

.
18
See: World Bank, Engaging with Fragile States (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006).
www.worldbank.org/ieg/licus/download.html
.
19
See: Karen Hussman, 'Thought Piece: What is corruption in conflict zones'. Paper presented at conference
'The Nexus: Corruption, Conflict & Peacebuilding Colloquium'. (Boston, Massachusetts, 13 April 2007).

http://fletcher.tufts.edu/corruptionconf/pdf/Hussmann.pdf
.
20
See: Natalia Mirimanova and Diana Klein (ed.), Corruption and Conflict in the South Caucasus (London, UK:
International Alert, January 2006).
www.international-alert.org/caucasus/index.php.
21
The DAC Guidelines explicitly state that corruption is an obstacle to social peace as well as economic
development and include in its recommendations the need to ensure transparency, fight corruption and

strengthen anti-bribery norms and mechanisms.

Transparency International (TI) is the civil society organisation leading the

global fight against corruption. Through more than 90 chapters worldwide

and an international secretariat in Berlin, Germany, TI raises awareness of

the damaging effects of corruption, and works with partners in government,

business and civil society to develop and implement effective measures to

tackle it. For more information go to: www.transparency.org

This Working Paper was

prepared by the TI Secretariat's

Policy and Research

Department. The following

national chapters provided

essential inputs throughout the

process: Colombia, Lebanon,

Palestine, the United Kingdom

and the United States. Peer

reviewers included Dr. Åse

Grødeland (CMI – Norway) and

Dr. Nikos Pasas (Northeastern

University – USA).

To learn about TI's efforts on

combating corruption, visit:

www.transparency.org.

For more information about this

working paper and others in the

series, please contact Craig

Fagan at the TI-Secretariat:

plres [at] transparency.org.

ISSN 1998-6408

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Only in the category(s): Amicus Briefs-CREW FILES AMICUS BRIEF IN SUPPORT OF JUDICIARY COMMITTEE LAWSUIT AGAINST HARRIET MIERS AND JOSH BOLTON-CREW FILES AMICUS BRIEF IN SUPPORT OF LOBBYIST DISCLOSURE LAW-CREW FILES AMICUS BRIEF SUPPORTING U.S. GOVT. POSITION IN JEFFERSON CASELawsuits-Court Orders Cheney to Preserve Records in CREW Lawsuit-CREW Files Complaint Against Department of Justice for Withholding Documents Stolen From Democratic Senate Judiciary Committee S-CREW Files Motion to Quash Joseph Wilson's Subpoena in Scooter Libby's Criminal Trial-CREW Sends OMB FOIA to Determine its Grant Management Policies for Agencies Making Grants for Pregnancy Resource Centers through-CREW SUES COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OVER GLOBAL WARMING DOCUMENTS-CREW SUES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OVER REFUSAL TO RESPOND TO FOIA REQUESTS-CREW Sues Department of State Over Katrina Records-CREW Sues Dept. of Agriculture for Documents Regarding PR Contracts-CREW SUES DEPT. OF ED. AND SEC. SPELLINGS OVER REFUSAL TO PROVIDE READING FIRST INFO AS REQUIRED BY LAW-CREW SUES DEPT. OF EDUCATION OVER FEDERAL RECORDS ACT VIOLATIONS-CREW Sues Dept. of Interior Over Abramoff Documents-CREW Sues DHS and US Archivist for FOIA and FRA Violations-CREW Sues DHS Over Continuing Katrina Cover-Up-CREW Sues FEC Over Failure to Enforce Election Laws Against Grover Norquist and Bush-Cheney '04-CREW Sues HHS Over Pregnancy Resource Center Documents-CREW Sues NARA For Information About Classification of White House Visitor Logs-CREW Sues OMB Over Pregnancy Resource Center Documents-CREW Sues The National Indian Gaming Commission-CREW SUES VP CHENEY OVER RECORDS-CREW SUES WHITE HOUSE AND NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION OVER LOST EMAILS-CREW SUES WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION OVER REFUSAL TO RESPOND TO FOIA ON MISSING FIVE MILLION EMAILS-CREW v. CIA-CREW v. Department of Homeland Security-CREW v. Department of Homeland Security (Border Fence)-CREW v. Department of Justice-CREW v. IRS (501c3)-CREW v. Leavitt et al-CREW v. Social Security Administration-CREW v. U.S. Department of Defense-CREW v. U.S. Department of Education (Ignite!)-CREW v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services-CREW v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Abramoff)-CREW v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Chertoff Calendars)-CREW v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Contracts with Former Officials)-CREW v. U.S. Department of Justice-CREW v. U.S. Department of Justice (Use of Email)-CREW v. U.S. Department of the Treasury (FOIA and IRS)-CREW v. U.S. Department of the Treasury (IRS FOIA)-CREW's Actions Against Richard Berman and his Organizations-Inspector General Condemns Reading First Program-LAWSUIT - CREW Files Lawsuit Against FEC-National Association of Manufacturers v. Taylor et al-Valerie Plame Wilson and Joe Wilson LawsuitFEC Complaints-CREW Asks FEC to Investigate Presidential Candidate Duncan Hunter's Leadership PAC-CREW Files Complaint Against U.S.-Cuba Democracy PAC-CREW Files FEC and IRS Complaints Against Nader For President 2004 and Citizen Works-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against ARMPAC-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against Bacardi PAC For Secret Contributions-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against Bacardi U.S.A and Martinez for Senate-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against Citizens For a Sound Economy, The Oregon Family Council, Nader for President 2004 and Bush-Chen-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against Fomer Senator Rick Santorum (R-PA) Staffers-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against Grover Norquist and Bush/Cheney '04 - CORRECT-CREW FILES FEC COMPLAINT AGAINST MINNESOTA REPUBLICAN PARTY-CREW FILES FEC COMPLAINT AGAINST REP. BLACKBURN'S CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE AND ITS TREASURER-CREW FILES FEC COMPLAINT AGAINST REP. TED POE - FEC-CREW FILES FEC COMPLAINT AGAINST REP. VERN BUCHANAN-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against Senate Majority Leader Frist-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against The November Fund - CORRECT-CREW FILES FEC COMPLAINT AGAINST U.S. TERM LIMITS FOR SPONSORING AD IN SUPPORT OF U.S. SENATE CANDIDATE BOB SCHAFFER-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against US Senate Candidate Alan Keyes, Empower Illinois Media Fund and Jack Roeser-CREW Files FEC Complaint Against US-Cuba Democracy PAC-CREW Files FEC Complaint Requesting Investigation Into Foreign Donations to Rep. Dennis Hastert's Campaign-CREW Files FEC Complaints Against Three Congressional Campaign Committees-CREW MAY 2007 FEC COMPLAINT AGAINST SEN. MEL MARTINEZ CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE-CREW Seeks FEC Investigation Against the U.S. Cuba Democracy Political Action Committee-CREW Seeks FEC Investigation of Foreign National Contributions by US-Cuba Democracy PAC-CREW Sends Letter to FEC Urging Them to Reject the Request by Rep. Cunningham to Use Campaign Funds to Defray Legal Costs-FEC - CREW FILES FEC COMPLAINT AGAINST MZM, INC.-FEC MUST BE JUMPSTARTED NOW – PLAYING POLITICS HAS LEFT McCAIN, CLINTON AND OTHER CAMPAIGN FINANCE CONTROVERSIES UNANSWERED-FEC Responds to CREW's Complaint Requesting Investigation into Foreign Donations to Speaker Hastert's CampaignReports-Addicted to Porn-CHENEY REFUSAL TO FOLLOW EXECUTIVE ORDER ON CLASSIFIED INFORMATION-CREW POSTS HURRICANE KATRINA DOCUMENTS BY COUNTRY-CREW RELEASES "THE BEST LAID PLANS"-CREW RELEASES "WITHOUT A TRACE: THE MISSING WHITE HOUSE EMAILS AND THE VIOLATIONS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS ACT"-CREW releases Criminals & Scoundrels report-CREW RELEASES FOURTH ANNUAL MOST CORRUPT MEMBERS OF CONGRESS REPORT-CREW RELEASES NEW STUDY Those Who Dared: 30 Officials Who Stood Up for Our Country-CREW RELEASES NEW STUDY Those Who Dared: 30 Who Stood Up for Our Country-FAMILY AFFAIR-Homeland Security for Sale - DHS REPORT 2007-NEW CREW REPORT FINDS FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ELECTRONIC RECORD KEEPING PRACTICES ABYSMAL-PALIN ADMINISTRATION NOT SO OPEN OR TRANSPARENT AFTER ALLIRS Complaints-CREW Files Complaints Against Anti-Gay Marriage Organizations-CREW Files Ethics and IRS Compliant Against Pombo-CREW Files Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Complaint Against Rep. Richard Pombo (R-CA)-CREW Files Internal Revenue Services (IRS) Complaint Against Americans for Tax Reform (ATR), and American for Tax Reform Foundat-CREW Files IRS Complaint Against Americans For Job Security, Americans For Jobs And Growth, Citizens United and Let Freedom Ring-CREW Files IRS Complaint Against Anti-Choice, Abstinence - Only Organizations - Alpha Center and National Abstinence Clearinghou-CREW Files IRS Complaint Against James Dobson's Focus On The Family-CREW Files IRS Complaint Against Living Word Christian Center-CREW Files IRS Complaint Against Rep. Gary Miller (R-CA)-CREW Files IRS Complaint Against The Center for Consumer Freedom Alleging Violations of Tax Exempt Status-CREW Files IRS Complaint Against The Center for Consumer Freedom Alleging Violations of Tax Exempt Status-CREW Files IRS Complaint Alleging That a Get-Out-the-Vote Training Session Offered By the Pennsylvania Pastors Network (PPN) May-CREW Posts 501(c)(3) Documents From the IRS-IRS - CREW FILES IRS COMPLAINT AGAINST AMERICANS FOR HONESTY ON ISSUES-Legal Watchdog Group Sends IRS Letter Requesting Investigation into ARMPACRequests For Investigation-Abramoff Sentencing-CORRECT - CREW Sends Letter To DOJ Asking Investigation Into Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-WI)-CORRECT - CREW Sends Letter to Texas Election Division: Investigate Rove-CREW AND VOTEVETS.ORG EXPOSE VA DIRECTIVE BARRING STAFF FROM DIAGNOSING SOLDIERS WITH PTSD IN ORDER TO CUT COSTS-CREW Asks AG Alberto Gonzales to Appoint Special Prosecutor to Investigate U.S. Attorney Firings-CREW Asks AG Gonzales to Investigate Possible Criminal Conduct at Smithsonian-CREW ASKS AG MUKASEY TO APPOINT SPECIAL COUNSEL TO INVESTIGATE DISAPPEARANCE OF MILLIONS OF WHITE HOUSE EMAILS-CREW Asks AG to Probe Hastert re: Hill Sec Upgrade-CREW Asks DC's Metro to Investigate Misleading Anti-Abortion Ads-CREW ASKS DEPT. OF JUSTICE TO INVESTIGATE CONTRIBUTION-FOR-MEETING SCHEMES WITH TOP REPUBLICAN DONOR-CREW ASKS DEPT. OF JUSTICE TO INVESTIGATE CONTRIBUTIONS-FOR-MEETINGS SCHEMES WITH TOP REPUBLICAN DONOR-CREW asks DOJ IG to probe inaction on Foley emails-CREW Asks DOJ to Investigate Hastert Land Deal-CREW Asks for FCC Investigation on Networks' Policies on Controversial Ads-CREW ASKS FOR HOUSE INVESTIGATION INTO WHITE HOUSE VIOLATIONS OF PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS ACT-CREW ASKS FOR IG INVESTIGATION INTO DEPT. OF ED. USE OF PRIVATE EMAIL ACCOUNTS-CREW ASKS SEN. GRASSLEY TO INVESTIGATE FRONT GROUP FOR LONG-TERM CARE INDUSTRY-CREW ASKS WHITE HOUSE TO EXPLAIN REPEATED VIOLATIONS OF PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS ACT-CREW Calls For Federal Investigation of TV & Radio Marti Broadcasts-CREW Calls for Immediate Investigation Into Viacoms Hiring Practices-CREW Calls for Investigation of John Ashcroft and Possible Campaign Finance Violations-CREW Calls for Investigation of VP Cheney for Leaking Classified Information-CREW CALLS ON FBI TO INVESTIGATE WHITE HOUSE DESTRUCTION OF E-MAILS -- INCLUDING PLAME WILSON DISCUSSIONS-CREW Demands DeLay Bribery Investigation-CREW Demands DOJ I.G. Investigate FBI Cover-up on Inaction on Foley Emails Sent by CREW-CREW DEMANDS FEDERICI BE REFERRED TO DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FOR PERJURY INVESTIGATION-CREW Files Bar Complaint Against Attorney General Nominee Alberto Gonzales - CORRECT-CREW FILES BAR COMPLAINTS AGAINST FORMER JUSTICE DEPT. OFFICIALS ELSTON AND MCDONALD-CREW FILES DOJ COMPLAINT AGAINST MIN. LEADER BOEHNER-CREW FILES DOJ COMPLAINT AGAINST REP. DAVID SCOTT FOR POSSIBLE VIOLATION OF TAX LAW AND MISUSE OF CONGRESSIONAL STAFF-CREW Files DOJ Complaint Against Rep. Jerry Lewis (R-CA) - CORRECT-CREW Files DOJ Complaint Against Rep. Pete Sessions (R-TX) - CORRECT-CREW Files Texas Public Information Request Regarding US Senator Cornyn's Involvement With Indian Gaming Scandal-CREW letter to Civil Rights Commission-CREW LETTER TO VA IG - PTSD DIAGNOSES-CREW Requests DOJ Investigation Into Illegal Lobbying By Former Member of Congress John Thune (R-SD)-CREW REQUESTS INVESTIGATION INTO NCLB FUNDS SPENT ON NEIL BUSH PROGRAM (IGNITE)-CREW Requests Investigation into Office of Personnel Management Background Investigation Procedures-CREW Requests Investigation into the Pentagon's Effort to Establish the Policy Analysis Market-CREW Requests Investigation of Arlen Specter-CREW Requests Investigation of Cong. Curt Weldon-CREW Requests Investigation of Former House Aide-CREW Requests Senate Ethics Committee Investigation Into Fundraising Events-CREW Requests Special Prosecutor in Cheney/Halliburton Probe-CREW Sends DOJ Letter on Obtained Emails Detailing Retaliation Against Those Who Contributed to Opponent-CREW Sends Letter to Attorney General Gonzales Urging Investigation Into Governor Fletcher's Activities-CREW Sends Letter to Chairman Waxman Requesting Comptroller General Investigation into Missing Five Million Email-CREW SENDS LETTER TO CNN ABOUT RALPH REED-CREW SENDS LETTER TO DHS SECRETARY ASKING FOR INVESTIGATION INTO ICE EFFORTS TO RELEASE KIDNAP VICTIM AT BEHEST OF REP. REYES-CREW Sends Letter to DOJ Urging Investigation Into Demotion of Prosecutor-CREW SENDS LETTER TO DOJ – URGING INVESTIGATION INTO DEMOTION OF PROSECUTOR ON ABRAMOFF GUAM SCANDAL-CREW SENDS LETTER TO HUD IG DEMANDING IMMEDIATE INVESTIGATION IN-CREW SENDS LETTER TO SEC. SPELLINGS REQUESTING ACTION TO STOP VIOLATIONS OF THE FEDERAL RECORDS ACT-CREW Sends Letter to Senate Finance Committee Urging Investigation Into Abuse of Charitable Organization Status-CREW Urges IRS Investigation into Kansas AG Kline's Reelection Campaign Activities-CREW URGES OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL TO INVESTIGATE CHRISTIAN EMBASSY VIDEO-CREW WRITES PATRICK FITZGERALD ASKING TO RE-OPEN ROVE CASE IN LIGHT OF MISSING EMAILS-Inquiry Into Interior Dept. Official's Corporate Payout-SIOUX MANUFACTURING INVESTIGATION REQUESTAnnouncements-An Investigation of Allegations of Politicized Hiring by Monica Goodling and Other Staff in the Office of the Attorney General-CREW ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL NEWS AT THE TIME THE WHITE HOUSE E-MAIL WENT MISSING-CREW APPLAUDS STEVENS INDICTMENT-CREW CALLS ON NEW YORK GOVERNOR ELLIOT SPITZER TO RESIGN-CREW Criticizes Washington Post for Failing to Disclose Columnist Robert Novak's Connection to Publisher of Book by Swift Boat V-CREW Executive Director Melanie Sloan on House Ethics Rules-CREW LAUNCHES GOVERNMENTDOCS.ORG-CREW QUESTIONS EITHER PARTY'S COMMITMENT TO REAL ETHICS AND LOBB-CREW QUESTIONS REPUBLICANS COMMITMENT TO ETHICS WITH APPOINTMENT OF REP. CALVERT TO APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE-CREW RESPONDS TO TODAY'S LACKLUSTER HOUSE REPUBLICAN ETHICS PROP-CREW Sends Letter To Louisiana Attorney General Noting SCI/Keynon International's Troubling History-CREW STATEMENT APPLAUDING SEN. OBAMA'S SUPPORT OF PRESIDENTIAL F-CREW STATEMENT ON EX LEWIS STAFFER-CREW Statement to Columnist Mike McManus-CREW Submits Comments on New CIA Regulations Regarding FOIA Requests-CREW TO HOLD TELE-PRESS CONFERENCE ON NEW ETHICS PACKAGES-CREW: ETHICS BILL POSITIVE FIRST STEP-David Safavian's Ties to Jack Abramoff-FEC MUST BE JUMPSTARTED NOW – PLAYING POLITICS HAS LEFT McCAIN-MCCAIN BOEING DEAL-McCain Fundraiser With Reed-Neil Volz Pleads Guilty To Conspiracy-NEXT STEPS IN U.S. ATTORNEYS SCANDAL: WHY CONTEMPT WON'T WORK - CREW PROPOSES ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION-ONE OF CREW'S MOST CORRUPT: MORE ON MURTHA'S TIES TO PA COMPANIES-PRESIDENTIAL AND VICE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES DISCLOSURE OF TAX RETURNS-Rep. William Jefferson Indicted On 16 Counts-Rev. Lennox Yearwood-ROLL CALL REPORTER PAUL SINGER: LANDRIEU APOLOGIST?-Sen. Hutchison's Flagrant Inconsistency on Perjury Reveals Hypocrisy and Partisan Bias-Who is Richard Berman?CHAMBLISS SUBPOENA IN IMPERIAL SUGAR CASECongressional Ethics-Beyond DeLay-Beyond DeLay (updated)-Beyond Delay 2007-Chris Bell Ethics Complaint Against Delay-Complaint Against Rep. Sam Johnson-CORRECT - "CREW, Common Cause, Call for Outside Counsel to Investigate Allegations Against House Majority Leader DeLay"-correct - CREW ASKS HOUSE COMMITTEE ON ADMINSITRATION TO ADD GRANDCHILDREN TO LIST OF RELATIVES MEMBERS MAY NOT EMPLOY-CREW ADDRESSES REP. HASTINGS' DISMAY OVER DELAY IN RANGEL INVESTIGATION-CREW ASKS HOUSE ETHICS TO ADVISE MEMBERS ABOUT APPROPRIATE CONTACT WITH U.S. ATTORNEYS-CREW ASKS HOUSE HOMELAND SECURITY COMMITTEE TO ENSURE DHS LOOPHOLE IS CLOSED-CREW CALLS FOR RESIGNATION OF REP. VITO FOSSELLA-CREW Calls On House to Restore Ethics Committee-CREW Complaint Against Roy Blunt-CREW Director Discusses House Ethics Committee Pro-CREW drafts ethics complaint against Bob Ney-CREW drafts ethics complaint against Cunningham-CREW drafts ethics complaint against Jefferson-CREW drafts ethics complaint against Taylor-CREW files 2nd ethics complaint against Bill Frist-CREW Files DOJ Complaint Against Rep. Jerry Lewis (R-CA)-CREW Files DOJ Complaint Against Rep. Pete Sessions (R-TX)-CREW FILEs DOJ COMPLAINT AGAINT SEN. LANDRIEU-CREW files ethics complaint against Bill Frist-CREW FILES ETHICS COMPLAINT AGAINST SEN. DOMENICI-CREW FILES ETHICS COMPLAINT AGAINST SEN. NORM COLEMAN OVER QUESTIONABLE RENTAL ARRANGEMENT-CREW Files Ethics Complaint Against Sen. Shelby-CREW Files Ethics Complaint Against Sen. Stevens-CREW Files Ethics Complaint Against Senator Santor-CREW FILES SENATE ETHICS COMPLAINT AGAINST SEN. CRAIG-CREW FILES SENATE ETHICS COMPLAINT AGAINST SENATOR LANDRIEU-CREW LAUNCHES FIXTHEFEC.ORG-CREW posts Hastings impeachment records-CREW Praises New House Ethics Package-CREW praises Senate ethics bill-CREW RELEASES ETHICS COMPLAINT AND FILES IRS COMPLAINT AGAINST REP. RICHARD POMBO-CREW RELEASES MOST COMPLETE HOUSE PAC LIST AVAILABLE-CREW releases statement on ethics regarding Ney-CREW requests ethics investigation into Rep. Foley-CREW REQUESTS HOUSE ETHICS COMMITTEE INVESTIGATION INTO MEMBERS ILLEGALLY USING OFFICIAL RESOURCES FOR CAMPAIGN PURPOSES-CREW REQUESTS INVESTIGATION INTO REP. DOC HASTINGS AND TOP AIDE-CREW REQUESTS INVESTIGATION INTO REP. WILSON-CREW RESPONDS TO RECOMMENDATIONS OF HOUSE ETHICS TASK FORCE - 2007-CREW REVEALS REP. BOEHNER GAVE TO CONGRESSMAN ACCUSED OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE BY MISTRESS-CREW Rips Pelosi on Murtha Maj. Leader Endorsement-CREW SENDS HOUSE LEADERSHIP LETTER: STOP PROTECTING MEMBERS INVOLVED IN CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES-CREW SENDS LETTER TO ALL MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE URGING STRONG ETHICS REFORM-CREW sends letter to Chairman Dreier on Pensions-CREW Sends Letter To DOJ Asking Investigation Into Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-WI)-CREW Sends Letter To Grassley/Baucus - Anti-Union-CREW SENDS LETTER TO HOUSE ETHICS COMMITTEE REQUESTING INVESTIGATION INTO REP. LAMBORN-CREW SENDS LETTER TO HOUSE FRANKING COMMISSION-CREW Sends Letter To Senate Ethics Re: Specter-CREW statement on committee members under fed inv.-CREW Statement on House Ethics Committee Rules-CREW STATEMENT REGARDING SENATE VOTE ON REP. YOUNG INVESTIGATION-CREW URGES HOUSE AND SENATE INVESTIGATION INTO COUNTRYWIDE LOAN PROGRAM-CREW URGES REP. WYNN TO RESIGN NOW-DeLay Indicted-Ethics and DeLay-Ethics Coalition Press Conference at Nat'l Press-Ethics Coalition: Texas Indictments Make DeLay Eth-Ethics Committee - Shutting Down Ethics Process-Ethics Committee Chairmanship Appointment-Ethics Complaint -- Former Senate Staffer Manuel M-FAMILY AFFAIR - SENATE 2008-Good Government and Openness Coalition Supports Public Access-GOP Protects Delay From Ethics Investigations-Investigation of Colorado Rep. Marilyn Musgrave-Jack Abramoff and his Web of Corruption-Joint Statement of Congressional Ethics Coalition-Kevin Ring Indictment-Laura Richardson Foreclosure-ORGANIZATIONS ACROSS THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM ASK HOUSE AND SENATE LEADERSHIP TO POST COMMITTEE VOTES ONLINE-Rep. Bob Ney Pleads Guilty to Criminal Charges-Rep. John Sweeney (R-NY)-Rep. Nick Smith bribed during the Medicare vote?-Rep. William Jefferson Docs-RICK RENZI INDICTED-SEC Complaint - Senator Saxby Chambliss-Statement of the Congressional Ethics Coalition-Summary of Actions Against DeLay-TOP 10 ETHICS SCANDALS OF 2007-TX Judge Rules Against TRMPAC Treasurer-VITTERcontractCREW FILES DOJ COMPLAINT AGAINST CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND TOM DONOHUE FOR CRIMINAL FEC VIOLATIONSCREW Files Ethics Complaint Against Rep. Tim MahoneyCREW Files Ethics Complaint Against Sen. Kit BondCREW Files FEC Complaint Against Gov. Sarah PalinCREW Files FEC Complaint Against House (Clothing)CREW Files FEC Complaints Against House (Clothing)CREW Files IRS Complaint Against Center For Consumer FreedomCREW issues statement on Rep. Rangels ethics violationsCREW Releases 2008 Most Embarrassing Re-Elected Members of CongressCREW Releases 2008 Most Embarrassing Re-Elected Members of Congress;CREW RELEASES MOST COMPLETE HOUSE PAC LIST AVAILABLE 042308CREW Sends FOIA to Department of the Army Regarding Acts of Domestic ViolenceCREW SUES DEPT. OF EADUCATION OVER FEDERAL RECORDS ACT VIOLATIONSCREW SUES DHS FOR FAILURE TO PROVIDE STEPHEN PAYNE VISIT RECORDSCREW Sues DOJ for Failing to Provide Records of V.P.'s Interview in Plame Leak InvestigationEndagered Species Act ReportFEC ClothinghuntIllinois Governor Blagojevich Taken Into CustodyMcCain Financial Disclosure ReportsMcCain New York Times StoryProjectsSPEECH OR DEBATETOP 10 ETHICS SCANDALS OF 2008FOIA Requests-CREW Analysis of Department of Homeland Security Katrina Documents-CREW FILES FOIA FOR ARMPAC AUDIT REPORT-CREW Files FOIA on Cunningham and MZM With Departments of Homeland Security and Defense-CREW Files FOIA Request for Cheney Interview Over Wilson Identity Leak-CREW FILES FOIA REQUEST FOR DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION COMMUNICATIONS-CREW Files FOIA Request for General Services Administration Bid Request-CREW FILES FOIA REQUEST FOR STEPHEN PAYNE VISIT RECORDS-CREW FILES FOIA REQUEST WITH AIR FORCE SEEKING HOUSE SPEAKERS' TRAVEL RECORDS-CREW FILES FOIA REQUEST WITH COAST GUARD REQUESTING DISCLOSURE OF DOCUMENTS REFLECTING COAST GUARD OBJECTIONS TO DEEPWATER CONTR-CREW FILES FOIA REQUEST WITH DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE SEEKING INFORMATION REGARDING E-MAIL USE-CREW FILES FOIA REQUEST WITH THE OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY-CREW FILES FOIA REQUESTS WITH EPA REGARDING RESIGNATION OF MARY GADE-CREW FILES FOIA REQUESTS WITH HHS AND CDC REGARDING $11 MILLION CONTRACT WITH COMPANY OF FORMER HHS SECRETARY TOMMY THOMPSON-CREW FILES FOIA REQUESTS WITH SEVERAL INDEPENDENT AGENCIES REQUESTING RECORDS PERTAINING TO EMPLOYEE TRAVEL-CREW FILES FOIA REQUESTS WITH SEVERAL INDEPENDENT AGENCIES REQUESTING RECORDS PERTAINING TO EMPLOYEE TRAVEL-CREW Files FOIA With Department of Homeland Security/Secret Service Seeking White House Contacts With Players in "Reading First"-CREW Files FOIA With Department of Interior Regarding Connections to Jack Abramoff-CREW Files FOIA With DHS Requesting Identities of Top Officials-CREW Files FOIA with State Dept. Seeking Documents Related to Allen Stayman-CREW FILES FOIAS FOR COMMUNICATION WITH FAZ AVIATION-CREW Files Requests With DHS, FEMA and Dept. of State: Failure of Hurricane Relief Efforts-CREW FOIA REQUEST TO DEFENSE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AGENCY SEEKS WHITE HOUSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY RECORDS-CREW FOIAS White House Contacts with Swift Boat Veterans Group-CREW Posts Council on Environmental Quality Documents Relating to Climate Change-CREW POSTS DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY HURRICANE KATRINA DOCUMENTS-CREW POSTS DEPARTMENT OF STATE HURRICANE KATRINA DOCUMENTS-CREW Posts Dept. of Interior FOIA Documents Relating to Contact Between DOI and Jack Abramoff-CREW Posts DHS and FEMA Documents Related to Hurricane Katrina-CREW Posts Documents Received From Department of State-CREW Posts HHS Documents Related to Federally Funded Pregnancy Resource Centers; Documents Sent in Response to CREW FOIA-CREW POSTS STATE DEPT. KATRINA DOCUMENTS RELATED TO WASHINGTON POST ARTICLE-CREW Requests Earth Science Funding Information From OMB, NASA, NOAA-CREW Requests Information From Department of Education on Reading First Funding-CREW Requests Information Regarding State Department Speaker Selection-CREW Seeks Documents Related to Controversial New Head of HHS Office of Population Affairs-CREW Seeks Records Related to Governor Palin's Efforts to Fire Alaska Public Safety Commissioner-CREW Sends FOIA Request Regarding Military's Use of the Chemical Perchlorate.-CREW SENDS FOIA REQUEST TO DEPT. OF JUSTICE REGARDING COMMUNICATIONS WITH PUBLIC AFFAIRS FIRMS-CREW SENDS FOIA REQUEST TO DEPTS. OF EDUCATION AND COMMERCE SEEKING DOCUMENTS REGARDING NEIL BUSH'S "COWS"-CREW SENDS FOIA REQUEST TO HHS FOR ABSTINENCE EDUCATION GRANT INFORMATION-CREW SENDS FOIA REQUEST TO HHS SEEKING PUBLIC AFFAIRS FIRM'S DOCUMENTS-CREW Sends FOIA Request to the Department of Commerce Requesting Records Relating to Susan Ralston-CREW Sends FOIA Request to the Department of Labor Requesting Records Relating to Richard Berman-CREW SENDS FOIA REQUEST TO WHITE HOUSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY-CREW Sends FOIA Requests Asking for Documents Regarding White House Communications Methods-CREW SENDS FOIA REQUESTS SEEKING RECORD-KEEPING POLICIES TO SEVEN AGENCIES-CREW SENDS FOIA REQUESTS SEEKING RECORDS RELATING TO HUNT CONSOLIDATED-CREW SENDS FOIA REQUESTS SEEKING REPRESENTATIVE EMAILS TO SEVEN AGENCIES-CREW Sends FOIA Requests to DOJ & ATF Seeking Directives Requiring Clearance of Firearms Investigations-CREW Sends FOIA to Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)-CREW Sends FOIA to Department of the Army Regarding Contracts With Halliburton and Its Subsidiaries-CREW SENDS FOIA TO DEPT. OF EDUCATION SEEKING CONTACTS WITH WH AND PUBLISHERS ON READING FIRST-CREW Sends FOIA to DOJ Seeking Documents Concerning Communications with White House about Joe and Valerie Wilson-CREW Sends FOIA to HHS and CDC Seeking Answers on Changes to STD Panel-CREW Sends FOIA to Interior Dept. Seeking Details on Rejected Endangered Species Act Recommendations-CREW Sends FOIA to Iraq Reconstruction Investigators Seeking Details on Alleged Contractor Fraud-CREW Sends FOIA to IRS on Trade Association Activity-CREW Sends FOIA to NARA on Secret Service Records-CREW Sends FOIA to SBA Regading Hurricane Katrina Victims' Use of Home Loan Program-CREW Sends FOIA to Secret Service on White House Visits of Conservative Christian Leaders-CREW Sends FOIA to State Department to Determine Policy Regarding Distribution of Contributions from Foreign Governments and Int-CREW Sends FOIA to State Dept. for Details on Appointment of Mid-Level Civil Servant to Top Job in New Public Diplomacy Rapid Re-CREW Sends FOIA to State Dept. for Details on Appointment of Mid-Level Civil Servant to Top Public Diplomacy Job-CREW Sends FOIA to the Food and Drug Administration-CREW SENDS FOIA TO WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION ON EMAIL RECORDS MANAGEMENT-CREW SENDS FOIA TO WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION SEEKING RECORD-KEEPING POLICIES-CREW SENDS FOIAS REGARDING FORMER HHS SECRETARY TOMMY THOMPSON-CREW Sends FOIAs to CIA, FBI, & NSA Seeking Details of its Reporting Requirements to the President's Foreign Intelligence Oversi-CREW Sends HHS FOIA Pregnancy Resource Centers-CREW Sends HHS FOIA to Determine Policy of Funding Pregnancy Resource Centers-CREW Sends HHS FOIA to Determine Policy of Funding Pregnancy Resource Centers-CREW Sends OMB FOIA Pregnancy Resource Centers-FOIA - CREW FILES FOIA REQUEST WITH DEPARTMENT OF STATE REQUESTING DISCLOSURE OF E-MAIL POLICIES-FOIA - CREW FILES FOIA REQUEST WITH OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION ON CLAIM THAT IT IS NOT SUBJECT TO FOIA-FOIA - CREW Files FOIAs to Uncover Government Agency Dealings with PR Firms-FOIA - CREW FOIAS Report on Westar Campaign Contributions From FEC-FOIA - CREW Sends FOIA to the IRS to Understand Decision to Outsource Debt Collection Services-FOIA - CREW Sends IRS FOIA to Understand IRS's New Political Activity Compliance Initiative-FOIAs Requesting Stolen Senate Judiciary Docs-INC. AND THE PLACEMENT OF FENCING ALONG THE SOUTHERN U.S-Presidential Candidate FOIAs - May 2007-SIOUX MANUFACTURING FOIAAdvisoryAir ForceATFCREW Files FEC Complaint Against Fomer Senator Rick Santorum (R-PA) StaffersDepartment of EducationExecutive BranchFECFederal Records Actfired prosecutorsFOIAHouse Ethics CommitteeIRSJudicial BranchJustice DepartmentLegislative BranchNationalnewsPatrick FitzgeraldPentagonPresidential Records ActReading FirstRep. Dennis HastertRep. 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Riverside County cutting ties with lobbyist tied to Rep. Lewis

1 Jul 2006 // Riverside County is ending its contract with a Washington, D.C. lobbying firm ... letter was reported Saturday by The Press-Enterprise of Riverside. "I don't think they're going to be effective while this ... is going on," said Bob Buster, chairman of the Riverside County Board of Supervisors. Two weeks ago, the firm split in two ...

Government entity's land deal with Rep. Calvert violated law

... governmental services for the unincorporated sections of Riverside County, California, arranged a land deal with a partnership including ... -- including the local park district that wanted it, the Riverside County grand jury concluded in a report released Tuesday. The ...

Third client drops Copeland Lowery

... decided to part ways with the embattled lobbyists, joining Riverside County and aircraft giant Boeing Co., which severed ties with ... The Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority, based in Riverside, has decided not to renew its contract with the former firm, which ...

Pressure is on popular Lewis

... supported a $1.6 million grant for SWAT Team operations in Riverside County. He helped secure $30 million for improvements at Interstate ... Yoshinaka, an assistant political-science professor at UC Riverside, said he believed Lewis can survive the scrutiny - at least based on ...

Calvert likely to get post

18 Jun 2006 // As Riverside Republican Ken Calvert seeks a seat on the powerful House ... 44th District in 2002. The district includes western Riverside County, including the cities of Norco, Corona and Riverside, and eastern Orange County and the cities of San Juan Capistrano and ...

FBI Probes Continuing

... to be aimed at updating records a federal agent from Riverside, Calif., first pulled more than a year earlier. For Calvert, who ...

Welcome to McLean, Home of America's Ruling Class

... Bouvier frolicked around Merrywood, the bucolic 46-acre riverside home of Jackie's stepfather, Hugh Auchincloss. To this day, McLean ...

Lewis, Calvert Records Eyed

... by the FBI, which sent a special agent from its office in Riverside, Calif., to the Cannon House Office Building to retrieve the records ... profit a year after its purchase. Local officials in Riverside County have defended Calvert's work as above board and beneficial ...

FBI widens Lewis probe

... were issuing subpoenas in late May in San Bernardino and Riverside counties, the FBI sent a special agent from its Riverside office to retrieve records of Lewis and Calvert from the basement of ...

Highland receives subpoena in Lewis investigation

... & White and the municipalities. San Bernardino and Riverside counties, the cities of Redlands, Loma Linda, Twentynine Palms and ... in shares of Security Bank of California, a new bank in Riverside. Overwhelming interest by buyers limited Lewis' purchase to $22,000. ...

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